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Fathers' commuting to work has multiple negative impacts on children's behavior, a new study said last Monday.
上周一，一項最新研究表明，父親通勤上下班會對孩子的行為產生多種不良影響。
A study conducted by researchers from Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) said children whose fathers commute to work over a long distance tend to have more emotional and social problems.
據柏林社會科學中心的研究員研究發現，父親的工作地點離家越遠，孩子的情感和社會問題就越嚴重。
Using a representative sample from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, WZB researchers, Jianghong Li and Matthias Pollmann-schult, examined the relationship between fathers' commute to work and children's social and emotional well-being at ages 5 to 6 in Germany.
WZB的調查員李江紅以及馬提亞·波爾曼·舒爾特通過德國社會經濟研究小組的樣本數據，研究了德國父親通勤上下班與孩子社會和情感問題間的聯系。
The study has shown that fathers' daily commute to work was associated with more peer problems in their children two years later.
研究表明，父親離家工作會使孩子產生更多的同齡人問題，不過這些問題會滯后兩年出現。
While daily commuting distance of 40 or more km each way was associated with lower levels of pro-social behaviors, longer daily commuting for 60 km or more each way was linked to more problems with peers.
工作地點離家40多公里遠的父親，他的孩子出現社會前問題的幾率會小一些。而工作地點離家60公里甚至更遠的，他的孩子和同齡人相處時更容易出現矛盾。
According to the study, plausible mechanisms that underpin these negative effects include stress and fatigue associated with long commute to work and the father's absence in the home, particularly for fathers who commute weekly to work. These factors may lead to poor parenting on the part of both the father and the mother.
這項研究指出，這些負面影響主要是由于父親上下班耗時太久，壓力大，疲勞過度，再加上他們長時間不在家。尤其是那些每周定點上班的父親，這些都會導致父母親對孩子照顧不周到。
When stressed and fatigued, parents tend to resort to harsh and inconsistent parenting styles, which in turn causes behavioral and emotional problems in children, said the study.
研究還指出，當父母親壓力過大時，對待子女就會變得很苛刻，在教育孩子的問題上也容易出現分歧。這些都會導致孩子出現情感和行為方面的問題。
Moreover, fathers' absence from the family during the week can also lead to mother's stress and affect her parenting behavior due to increased workload in the home without the partner's support.
而且，父親每周不在家，母親壓力就會過大。由于家務勞動的負擔加大，而且她們無法得到父親的幫助。這會影響到母親教養孩子的行為舉止。
