13.牌坊
Memorial archway, different from either houses dwelled by humans or temples where gods are worshiped , is a unique kind of memorial architecture.
牌坊又稱牌樓，它不同于民居，民居是住人的；也不同于寺廟，寺廟是供神的；它是一種門洞式的、紀(jì)念性的獨(dú)特的建筑物。
Memorial archway derives from the Ling star Gate. The first emperor of the Han Dynasty stipulated that the Ling stare should be honored first when worshiping the heaven. Ling Star Gate, first built in 1028, was rebuilt in the Confucian temple later in honor of Confucius. It is considered that people offered sacrifice to the Ling Star in the Han Dynasty in order to pray for a fruitful year which has nothing to do with Confucius and then the Chinese character "靈" was turned into "欞" again. From the South Song Dynasty on, especially in Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ling Star Gate was not only built near the suburb altar and the Confucian temple, but also near ordinary temples, tombs, ancestral shrines, office buildings, gardens or beside the streets and cross. It is not only used to worship heaven and Confucius, but also in praise of noble acts and chastity. The purpose of the construction of the memorial archway con be classified into three types: symbolic archway, archway of credit and morality,and archway of achievement.
牌坊是由棋星門衍變而來(lái)的。提星原作靈星，靈星即天回星。漢高祖規(guī)定：祭天應(yīng)先祭靈星。到宋仁宗天圣六年(1028)，筑郊臺(tái)(祭祀天地的建筑)外垣，設(shè)置靈星門。后移置于孔廟，用祭天的禮儀來(lái)尊重孔子。后來(lái)人們認(rèn)為漢代祭祀靈星，是為了析求豐年，與孔廟元關(guān)。又改靈星為梗星。宋(南宋)元年以后，尤其是明清，這種建筑不僅置于郊?jí)?、孔廟，還建于廟宇、陵基、祠堂、衙署和園林前或街旁、里前、路口。也不僅用于祭天、祀孔，還用于褒揚(yáng)功德，施表節(jié)烈等等，于是靈星門不僅一變成為棋星門，而且再變?yōu)榕品弧Ｅ品痪推浣ㄔ煲鈭D來(lái)說(shuō)，可分為蘭類：一類為標(biāo)志坊；二類為功德坊；三類是標(biāo)志科舉成就的。
Memorial is a symbol of lofty honor in the feudal society. As act of archway an promotion of render of immortal fame the construction of memorial virtues and is the highest in people's lives. history of archway pursuit With a time-honored building up southern Anhui has many well-preserved memorial archway，archways enjoying equal reputation with the ancient shrines folk houses.
在封建社會(huì)牌坊是崇高榮譽(yù)的象征。樹(shù)牌坊是彰德行，沐皇恩，流芳百世之舉，是人們一生的最高追求。在安徽省南部有著悠久的修建牌坊的歷史，許多牌坊至今保存完好。牌坊是當(dāng)?shù)毓糯ㄖ?quot;三絕"之一，與古祠堂、古民居鼎足齊名。
來(lái)源:可可英語(yǔ) http://www.ccdyzl.cn/read/201505/373263.shtml
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