Between the Jura and the Central Alps, which occupy the southern section (more than half) of the country, there is a long, relatively narrow plateau, crossed by the Aare River and containing the lakes of Neuchâtel and Zürich. Alpine communications are assured by numerous passes and by railroad tunnels, notably those of Lötschberg, St. Gotthard, and Simplon. Switzerland consists of 26 federated states, of which 20 are called cantons and 6 are called half cantons. The cantons are Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen, Saint Gall, the Grisons (Graubünden), Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura. Of the half cantons, Obwalden and Nidwalden together form Unterwalden, Basel-Land and Basel-Stadt form Basel, and Ausser-Rhoden and Inner-Rhoden form Appenzell.
瑞士是歐洲大陸三大河流發源地,有“歐洲水塔”之稱。主要河流有:萊茵河(在瑞士境內375公里,是瑞士最大的河流)、阿爾河(在瑞士境內295公里,是瑞士最長的內陸河)、羅納河(在瑞士境內264公里,是瑞士第二大內陸河)。湖泊共有1484個,其中最大的是萊蒙湖(又名日內瓦湖),面積582平方公里,最深處310米,其它有:康斯坦茨湖、紐沙泰爾湖、馬喬雷湖、四州湖、蘇黎世湖等。瑞士的河湖面積達1726平方公里,占瑞士全國面積的4.2%。
(萊茵河)
瑞士地處北溫帶,地域雖小,但各地氣候差異很大。阿爾卑斯山由東向西伸展,形成了瑞士氣候的分界線。阿爾卑斯山以北受溫和潮濕的西歐海洋性氣候和冬寒夏熱的東歐大陸性氣候的交替影響,變化較大;阿爾卑斯山以南則屬地中海氣候,全年氣候宜人。瑞士年降雨量為1500毫米,但各地分布不均。年平均氣溫為8.6攝氏度。在城市中,夏季氣溫可達華氏86度(攝氏30度),空氣濕度適宜;冬季氣溫經常低于華氏32度(攝氏0度),時有下雪結冰的現象。