評論
打印
Finance & economics
財經版塊
Technology uptake
科技應用
A new gender gap
新的性別差距
Why women are much less likely to use artificial intelligence than men.
為什么女性使用人工智能的可能性比男性小得多。
Be more productive.
讓生產率更高。
That is how ChatGPT, a generative-artificial-intelligence tool from OpenAI, sells itself to workers.
這就是ChatGPT（來自OpenAI的生成式人工智能工具）向工作者推銷自己的方式。
But despite industry hopes that the technology will boost productivity across the workforce, not everyone is on board.
但盡管業界希望這項技術能提高整個勞動力的生產率，也并不是所有人都支持。
According to two recent studies, women use ChatGPT between 16 and 20 percentage points less than their male peers, even when they are employed in the same jobs or read the same subject.
根據最近的兩項研究，即使從事相同的工作或閱讀相同主題的資料，女性使用ChatGPT的比例也比男性同齡人低16到20個百分點。
The first study, published as a working paper in June, explores ChatGPT at work.
第一項研究于6月以工作論文的形式發表，探討了ChatGPT在工作中的應用。
Anders Humlum of the University of Chicago and Emilie Vestergaard of the University of Copenhagen surveyed 100,000 Danes across 11 professions in which the technology could save workers time, including journalism, software-developing and teaching.
芝加哥大學的安德斯·胡姆倫和哥本哈根大學的艾米莉·維斯特加德對11個行業的10萬名丹麥人進行了調查，這些行業包括新聞、軟件開發和教學等，在這些行業中，AI技術可以幫工作者節省時間。
The researchers asked respondents how often they turned to ChatGPT and what might keep them from adopting it.
研究人員詢問了受訪者使用ChatGPT的頻率，以及可能阻礙他們使用該工具的因素。
By exploiting Denmark’s extensive, hooked-up record-keeping, they were able to connect the answers with personal information, including income, wealth and education level.
通過利用丹麥廣泛的、相互關聯的記錄，研究人員能夠將回答與收入、財富、教育水平等個人信息聯系起來。
Across all professions, women were less likely to use ChatGPT than men who worked in the same industry.
在所有職業中，女性使用ChatGPT的可能性低于在同一行業工作的男性。
For example, only a third of female teachers used it for work, compared with half of male teachers.
例如，只有三分之一的女教師將ChatGPT用于工作，而男教師的這一比例為一半。
Among software developers, almost two-thirds of men used it while less than half of women did.
在軟件開發人員中，幾乎三分之二的男性使用ChatGPT，而女性使用ChatGPT的比例不到一半。
The gap shrank only slightly, to 16 percentage points, when directly comparing people in the same firms working on similar tasks.
當直接比較在同一家公司做相似工作的人時，差距僅略縮小為16個百分點。
As such, the study concludes that a lack of female confidence may be in part to blame: women who did not use AI were more likely than men to highlight that they needed training to use the technology.
因此，該研究得出結論，女性缺乏自信可能是部分原因：不使用人工智能的女性比男性更有可能強調她們需要培訓才能使用該技術。
Another potential explanation for the gender imbalance comes from a survey of 486 students by Daniel Carvajal at Aalto University and Catalina Franco and Siri Isaksson at the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH).
這一性別差距的另一個可能解釋來自阿爾托大學的丹尼爾·卡瓦哈爾和挪威經濟學院的卡塔利娜·佛朗哥和西莉·伊薩克松對486名學生進行的一項調查。
It also found a gender gap: female students enrolled in the NHH’s only undergraduate programme were 18 percentage points less likely to use ChatGPT often.
這項調查也發現了一個性別差距：在挪威經濟學院唯一的本科課程中注冊的女學生使用ChatGPT的頻率比男學生低18個百分點。
When the researchers separated students by admission grades, it became clear that the gap reflected the behaviour of mid- and high-performing women.
當研究人員按照錄取成績對學生進行分類時，很明顯，這種差距反映了成績中等和成績好的女學生的行為。
Low performers were almost as likely as men to use the technology.
成績差的女學生使用ChatGPT的可能性幾乎與男學生相同。
Why might this be?
為什么會這樣呢？
The researchers probed what was going on with some clever follow-up questions.
研究人員通過一些巧妙的后續提問來探究原因。
They asked students whether they would use ChatGPT if their professor forbade it, and received a similar distribution of answers.
他們詢問學生，如果教授禁止使用ChatGPT，他們是否會使用它，學生們的回答在不同成績人群中的分布與之前類似。
However, in the context of explicit approval, everyone, including the better-performing women, reported that they would make use of the technology.
然而，在明確允許使用ChatGPT的情況下，包括成績更好的女學生在內的所有人都說他們會使用該技術。
In other words, the high-achieving women appeared to impose a ban on themselves.
換句話說，這些成績好的女學生似乎自己給自己施加了禁令。
“It’s the ‘good girl’ thing,” reckons Ms Isaksson.
“這是‘好女孩’現象，”伊薩克松認為，
“It’s this idea that ‘I have to go through this pain, I have to do it on my own and I shouldn’t cheat and take short-cuts’.”
“她們的想法是‘我必須經歷這種痛苦，我必須自己做，我不應該作弊和走捷徑’。”
A lack of experience with AI could carry a cost when students enter the labour market.
當學生進入勞動力市場時，缺乏人工智能經驗可能會帶來代價。
In August the researchers added a survey of 1,143 hiring managers to their study, revealing that managers value high-performing women with AI expertise 8% more than those without.
8月，研究人員在研究中增加了一項對1143名招聘經理的調查，結果顯示，經理們對具有人工智能專業知識的優秀成績女性的重視程度比沒有這些專業知識的優秀成績女性高8%。
This sort of premium does not exist for men, suggesting that there are rewards for women who are willing to relax their self-imposed ban.
這種額外好處并不存在于男學生身上，這表明愿意放松自我禁令的女學生會得到回報。
Tera Allas of McKinsey, a consultancy, worries that by the time AI is firmly embedded into modern working life, it might be designed to appeal more to men, who are its main users—potentially shutting women out in the long term.
麥肯錫咨詢公司的特拉·阿拉斯擔心，等到人工智能牢牢嵌入現代職場生活中時，人工智能可能會被設計為更吸引男性，因為男性是其主要用戶——這可能會在長期內將女性拒之門外。
But not everyone is as concerned.
但并不是每個人都如此擔心。
Despite the fact that the early internet was dominated by men, for example, young American women were more online than their male counterparts by 2005.
例如，盡管早期互聯網由男性主導，但到2005年，美國年輕女性上網的人數比男性還多。
On top of this, Danielle Li of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology notes that the studies do not actually show whether men’s current ChatGPT use translates into better or more productive work.
此外，麻省理工學院的丹妮爾·李指出，這些研究實際上并沒有表明男性目前對ChatGPT的使用是否轉化成了更好或更高效的工作。
At the moment, the technology may be more of a digital toy, she says.
她表示，目前，這項技術可能更像是一個數字玩具。
Perhaps, then, high-achieving women are simply better at avoiding distraction.
所以或許表現優秀的女性只是更擅長不被這個數字玩具分心。
