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Greek politics
希臘政治
Immigrants as scapegoats
讓移民來頂罪
As Greece is forced to make more budget cuts, right-wing extremism is on the rise
希臘被迫不斷削減其財(cái)政預(yù)算的同時，國內(nèi)右翼極端勢力開始崛起
Protesters in wheelchairs jeered and whistled as officials from the “troika”—the European Commission, the IMF and the European Central Bank—arrived at the labour ministry on October 2nd to press for yet more public-expenditure cuts. Beleaguered Greeks are set to endure a sixth year of recession in 2013. Greek budget planners forecast a 3.8-4% contraction, the IMF a more pessimistic 5%.
本月2日，歐盟委員會（European Commission）、國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）和歐洲央行（European Central Bank）這“三駕馬車”的官員代表抵達(dá)希臘勞動部，敦促其繼續(xù)削減公共開支。與此同時，眾多殘障人士坐在輪椅上，對于此舉又是吹哨又是嘲諷。由于陷入歐債危機(jī)，希臘人民直至明年不得不繼續(xù)經(jīng)歷連續(xù)第六年的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。據(jù)希臘財(cái)政部預(yù)計(jì)，本次衰退規(guī)模為3.8%至4%，而IMF則給出5%這一更為悲觀的數(shù)字。
Yannis Stournaras, the finance minister, is under huge pressure to find an extra 2 billion ($2.6 billion) of last-minute savings to appease the troika. Antonis Samaras, the centre-right prime minister, has an even harder task: persuading the coalition government’s left-wing partners to accept tighter austerity. Both still sound confident a deal will be reached, though the timetable is likely to slip by a couple of weeks.
對此，希臘財(cái)長斯托那拉斯（Yannis Stournaras）肩負(fù)重?fù)?dān)。他必須從辛苦積累下的財(cái)政基金中擠出20億歐元（約26億美元），以應(yīng)付那三駕馬車。而處于中右勢力的希臘總理薩馬拉斯（Antonis Samaras）所面臨的任務(wù)則更為艱巨，即游說聯(lián)合政府內(nèi)部的左翼派接受更進(jìn)一步的財(cái)政緊縮方案。但兩人仍然相信能就此問題達(dá)成協(xié)議，只是達(dá)成時間可能會向后順延兩周。
Delays are not helpful for Mr Samaras. He has struggled during his first 100 days in office to keep his fragile coalition together while Mr Stournaras put together a 13.5 billion austerity package in return for Greece’s second 130 billion bail-out. At the European summit on October 18th, the premier promised that he would seek a two-year extension until 2016 for implementing the new measures, thereby softening their impact. But European leaders will not grant Greece’s request until the package has been agreed to with the troika and approved by the parliament in Athens. As a result Greece’s next 31.2 billion loan tranche, needed to recapitalise Greek banks so that they can start lending again, may not arrive until mid-November.
但這樣拖延絲毫無助于薩馬拉斯總理。其上任后的一百天內(nèi)，薩馬拉斯總理一直致力于團(tuán)結(jié)起其支離破碎的聯(lián)合政府。與此同時，作為對于希臘1300億歐元援助計(jì)劃的回應(yīng)，斯托那拉斯則拼湊出了一套135億歐元的財(cái)政緊縮計(jì)劃。在本月18日即將召開的歐洲峰會上，薩馬拉斯總理將再次重申其承諾，將財(cái)政改革期限延長2年至2016年，以緩解國內(nèi)壓力。但歐盟各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對此則表示，在本次財(cái)政緊縮方案出臺并同時得到三駕馬車和希臘國會認(rèn)同之前，將駁回希臘的此般要求。希臘各大銀行需要重新注資以重啟借貸業(yè)務(wù)，而其所需的下一輪312億歐元的援助金，也將因此順延至11月中旬。
The draft budget for 2013 already includes almost 5 billion of cuts in pensions and public-sector salaries. Mr Stournaras hopes they are deep enough to achieve a primary budget surplus (before making debt repayments) of 1.4% of GDP. The troika chiefs are concerned tax revenues will be lower than forecast, and that the budget still leaves space for spending overruns by the defence and health ministries and in local government.
2013年的財(cái)政預(yù)案中，已包括了在養(yǎng)老金改革和公務(wù)員降薪等約50億歐元的緊縮計(jì)劃。對此，斯托那拉斯希望該預(yù)案能行之有效，初步實(shí)現(xiàn)GPD百分之1.4的初步財(cái)政盈余（債務(wù)償還前數(shù)字）。三駕馬車領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人們則擔(dān)心，財(cái)稅收入將低于預(yù)期規(guī)模；同時，該預(yù)案仍然會允許希臘國防部、衛(wèi)生部和各地方政府過度支出。
Once again the government has shied away from sacking civil servants, despite a commitment to cut the bloated public-sector payroll by 150,000 over the next three years. Instead a total of 15,000 civil servants are to be eased out of their jobs, taking early retirement after a year on 75% of their previous salary. It is an unsatisfactory solution reached to accommodate Mr Samaras’s coalition partners.
通過這一預(yù)案，希臘政府將再一次避免裁員，盡管其承諾在今后三年內(nèi)整頓冗余的公共部門，并完成15萬人的裁員。相反，總共有15000名公務(wù)員將于一年后離職退休，并享受等同于現(xiàn)有工資75%的養(yǎng)老金。這一措施在解決財(cái)政問題上，無法令薩馬拉斯總理的同僚們滿意。
Greece’s official unemployment rate hit 24.4% in June, the EU’s second-highest after Spain. The jobless rate among young Greeks rose to 55.4%, overtaking Spain’s for the first time. Many private-sector workers, among them teachers and nurses, complain of not being paid regularly. “In our profession, you can’t not turn up for your shift,” said Yolanda, an intensive-care nurse taking part in a protest outside the health ministry, which owes more than 1 billion to private clinics for looking after state health-service patients.
希臘的官方失業(yè)率在六月突破24.4%，繼西班牙后成為歐盟第二高失業(yè)國。而希臘的年輕人失業(yè)率則攀升至55.4%，首度超過西班牙。同時，包括教師和護(hù)士在內(nèi)，眾多私營部門的員工則對于無法定期拿到工資一事怨聲載道。Yolanda是一名重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室的護(hù)士，她在參與本次希臘衛(wèi)生部抗議游行活動的同時聲稱：“干我們這一行，因?yàn)檩啺啵惚仨殨r刻守在崗位上。”由于向國家衛(wèi)生服務(wù)處的病人提供治療和護(hù)理，私人診所已受到國家衛(wèi)生部高達(dá)10億多歐元的欠費(fèi)額。
Public-sector trade unions are planning rolling strikes to protest against the latest wage cuts. Extremists are stirring up trouble. Opinion polls show that Golden Dawn, the far-right, anti-immigrant party that won seats in parliament for the first time at the June general election, has overtaken the socialists to occupy third place behind Mr Samaras’s New Democracy and Syriza, the main opposition party.
國有部門的各個工會為抗議近期的工資削減正在計(jì)劃集體罷工。極端分子也不斷招惹事端。 “金色黎明黨”（Golden Dawn）是希臘極右翼的反移民政黨，它在今年6月的國會選舉上首此贏得一席之地。據(jù)民調(diào)顯示，該黨人氣已超過社會主義各大黨派，直逼執(zhí)政黨“新民主黨”（New Democracy）和第一反對黨“希臘極左翼聯(lián)盟”（Syriza），成為希臘第三大黨。
Golden Dawn is opening more offices in provincial towns to increase support among the unemployed young. Recognisable by their black T-shirts with a swastika-like emblem, its members are growing bolder in their harassment of immigrants. One group recently attacked several stallholders at an open-air market in Rafina, a port near Athens, after posing as plain-clothes police checking their permits. The police were not much help: as often happens with Golden Dawn’s transgressions, sympathetic police officers looked the other way.
金色黎明黨在各地方城鎮(zhèn)不斷設(shè)立分部，借此提高其在失業(yè)年輕人中的聲望。該黨成員都穿著印有類似“卍”字黨徽的黑色T恤，十分醒目。他們對待海外移民的騷擾行徑也愈加明目張膽。近期，在雅典附近的海港拉菲娜（Rafina），某團(tuán)體假借便衣警察搜查許可證的名義后，向當(dāng)?shù)匾粦敉馐袌龅亩鄠€攤販發(fā)動襲擊。而真正的警察卻在袖手旁觀：由于金色黎明黨時常進(jìn)行此類違法行徑，心有不忍的警察也只好視而不見。
Golden Dawn is not only stepping up its vigilantism and attacks against immigrants. Nikos Michaloliakos, the party leader, encourages displays designed to show Golden Dawn’s social conscience, through public distributions of food parcels to the needy. But beneficiaries must first register with the party and prove they are Greek, by showing their identity cards.
金色黎明黨的所為不僅僅包括其不斷加強(qiáng)的反移民政策和襲擊。其黨首麥克婁利亞科斯（Nikos Michaloliakos）支持向貧民分發(fā)食物，由此來顯示該黨的社會道德心。但這些貧民獲贈食物的前提是加入該黨，并出示身份證以證明自己的希臘國籍。
Nikos Dendias, the citizens’ protection minister, says that Golden Dawn’s storm-troopers will not be tolerated. Shopkeepers around Plateia Amerikis, where some immigrants run small businesses, are not convinced. “Racist violence is on the rise, and many people are in need of protection,” says Javed Aslam, a Pakistani community leader. Few immigrants trust the police any more.
對此，希臘司法部長丹迪亞斯（Nikos Dendias）表示，金色黎明黨的那些“突擊隊(duì)員”不能被姑息。在Amerikis廣場，一部分移民經(jīng)營著小買賣。對于政府的態(tài)度，當(dāng)?shù)氐牡昙冶硎静惶判摹！胺N族暴力行徑不斷增多，許多人都需要保護(hù)。”某巴基斯坦社區(qū)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)Javed Aslam稱。大部分移民對于希臘警方都表示不信任。 翻譯：沈驁
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