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托福TPO-23 Lecture 1

編輯:mike ?  可可英語APP下載 |  可可官方微信:ikekenet
  


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Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an archaeology class.

獨白:聽下面一段關于考古學的課堂講解。
Professor:I was talking to one of my colleagues in the physics department the other day,
教授:有一天我跟物理系的一位同事聊天,
and we ended up discussing how one discovery can change everything.
聊到一個發現有可能會改變所有的事情。
My colleague mentioned how the theory of relativity completely changed the field of physics.
他提到相對論徹底地改變了物理學。
At any rates, that conversation got me thinking about archaeological finds that really changed our understanding of ancient civilizations.
不管怎樣,這段對話是我想到了考古發現的確改變了我們對古代文明的看法。
So I want to talk about the discovery of the Antikythera Mechanism.
所以我想要講一下自動回轉式天球儀的發現。
The Antikythera Mechanism was found a hundred years ago, under water in an ancient Greek shipwreck in the Mediterranean Sea.
自動回轉式天球儀是在一百年前在地中海的一艘古希臘的沉船的殘骸中發現的。
It was in extremely poor condition and in many corroded pieces.
被發現時它已經破爛不堪,被腐蝕成許多碎片。
But once we figured out what it was and reconstructed it.
但當發現了它到底是什么以后,我們便重新組裝了它。
Well, I simply don't have the words to convey how extraordinary this find was.
我實在是無法用語言表達這個發現有多么的不尋常。
The Antikythera Mechanism is a relatively small device,
自動回轉式天球儀是一個相對較小的裝置,
roughly the size of a shoebox, made of gears fitted inside a wooden case.
大概跟鞋盒一樣大,是在一個木盒中裝了齒輪的裝置。
In its original state, there were rotating dials and other indicators on the top,
在原型中,在頂部有旋轉的刻度盤和其他的指示器,
with letters and drawings showing the Sun, the phases of the moon and different constellations.
上面用字母和圖畫太陽,月相和不同的星座。
Inside the box, bronze gears would have rotated the displays.
在盒子內部,銅的齒輪旋轉以改變顯示的內容。
The displays, uh, the indicators of the Antikythera Mechanism, would then moved to show the motion of the Sun and moon relative to the planets and stars.
顯示的內容,也就是天球儀的指示器會轉動并顯示出太陽、月亮和行星的運行。
The device could be used to tell the different phases of the moon and much more.
這個裝置可以用來表示月相和更多的信息。
Well, scientists have recently analyzed the inscriptions on the mechanism and re-examine the other cargo in the ship wreck,
最近,科學家對這個機器上的雕刻進行了分析,并再次檢查了沉船上的其他貨物,
and the evidence makes an absolute case that this device dates back to ancient Greece somewhere between 150 and 100 B.C.E.
有明確的證據證明這個裝置可以追溯到公元前 150 年到公元前 100 年的古羅馬時代。
What makes that so fascinating is that before we found the Antikythera Mechanism,
令人感到驚訝的是在天球儀之前,人們知道的最早的能夠測算太陽和約球軌道的儀器
the earliest device we had that could track the Sun and moon like this was invented over 1,000 years later.
是在此以后的1000 年才發明的。
So when this was first found, people literally would not believe it.
所以最初發現是,人們確實無法相信。
Some of my colleagues insisted it had to have been made well after 100 B.C.E.
我的一些同事堅持認為它肯定是在公元前 100 年以后才被發明出來的。
But this physical evidence was conclusive.
但是物理證據是不可否認的,
It was that old.
它的確是那么古老。
Of course part of what made this find so unusual is that the Antikythera Mechanism is constructed of bronze.
當然關于天球儀還有一個不尋常的發現,那就是它是由銅構成的。
Now, it is not that bronze was all that rare in Greece then, it is just that bronze was valuable and could easily be recycled.
并不是說那是銅在希臘十分罕見,而是銅十分貴重而且容易回收。
It would have been relatively easy for a person with knowledge of metals to melt down bronze objects and forge them into…
一個對金屬有所了解的人就可以輕易地將銅溶解并重新鍛制。
well, say, coins. Bronze was used to made money back then.
比如說,做成硬幣。那時銅用來鑄幣。
Or mold the bronze into anything else of value for that matter.
又或者將銅做成其他有價值的東西。
We are very fortunate that the device ended up under water,
十分幸運的是這個裝置被淹沒在水下,
because otherwise it probably would have ended up recycled into…who knows what.
否則它就又能被回收利用了做成什么呢?誰知道呢。
Now, it was a challenge to figure out the Antikythera Mechanism.
現在,要弄清楚天球儀是一個挑戰。
It spent over 2,000 years at the bottom of the sea before it was discovered.
他被淹沒在水下長達兩千年才被發現。
And even after it was discovered,
而且發現了它,
it was still a number of years before we really understood what it was.
我們還要許多年來弄清楚它是什么。
You see, the mechanism had corroded underwater,
你想這個裝置在水下已經被腐蝕了,
and many of the gears were stuck together in a mass.
許多齒輪都粘在一起一團糟。
Cleaning it was only partly successful.
只有一下部分被清理干凈。
We could only get a good look at the structure of the gears after gamma-rays were used to see inside,
只有當應用了伽馬射線后我們對內部的結構有所了解,
very similar to the way X-rays are used to see your bones.
就像用 X 光用來觀察大家的骨骼一樣。
Now, once we got a good look inside, we saw a really complex device.
在仔細地觀察了內部結構以后,人們發現這是一個十分復雜的裝置。
The many gears not only moved in a way that could indicate the phases of the moon.
這些齒輪的轉動并不僅僅能顯示出月相。
The Antikythera Mechanism also tracked both the lunar year and the solar year.
天球儀還能夠顯示出農歷和公歷。
Additionally, the gears also moved to match the motions of the planet and predicted eclipses.
還有,這些出輪的運動還符合行星的運行并預報日蝕和月蝕。
But one thing that is particularly notable is that the mechanism was so precise,
但是最引人注目的是這個裝置十分精確,
that it even took into account a particular irregularity in the moon's orbit,
它還測算出了月球軌道的不對稱性,
which requires some very complex math to replicate in mechanical device.
這需要十分復雜的數學計算才能在機械設備中模擬出來。
You could say that the Antikythera Mechanism was a very precise calendar,
可以說天球儀是一個十分精確的日歷,
which stands to reasons calendars were very important to ancient peoples.
這證明了日歷對古代的人十分重要。
Religious festivals had to be held at the right time of year,
宗教節日必須要在一年中的正確的時間舉行,
crops needed to be planted at the right time as well.
作物也需要在準確的時間播種。
And let's not forget that eclipses in planetary motions had important symbolic meanings.
我們不要忘了行星運行的日蝕具有重要的象征意義。

重點單詞   查看全部解釋    
planetary ['plænitəri]

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adj. 行星的,有軌道的

 
mold [məuld]

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n. 模子,模型,類型,模式,雛型,真菌,軟土

 
mechanical [mi'kænikəl]

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adj. 機械的,力學的,呆板的
n. (供制

 
figure ['figə]

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n. 圖形,數字,形狀; 人物,外形,體型
v

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colleague ['kɔli:g]

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n. 同事

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complex ['kɔmpleks]

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adj. 復雜的,復合的,合成的
n. 復合體

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fascinating ['fæsineitiŋ]

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adj. 迷人的

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particular [pə'tikjulə]

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adj. 特殊的,特別的,特定的,挑剔的
n.

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replicate ['replikeit]

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v. 折疊,復制,模寫 n. 同樣的樣品 adj. 轉折

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valuable ['væljuəbl]

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adj. 貴重的,有價值的
n. (pl.)貴

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    閱讀本文的人還閱讀了:
  • 托福TPO-22 Lecture 4 2014-03-19
  • 托福TPO-23 Conversation 1 2014-03-24
  • 托福TPO-23 Lecture 2 2014-03-26
  • 托福TPO-23 Conversation 2 2014-03-31
  • 托福TPO-23 Lecture 3 2014-04-02
  • 發布評論我來說2句

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