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Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an Art History class.
獨白:聽下面一段藝術史課程上的演講。
PROFESSOR:Today we'll continue our examination of ancient Roman sculpture.
教授:今天我們將繼續關于古羅馬雕塑史的討論。
We've already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and we've looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls.
我們前面已經看過了用于紀念逝者的塑像，我們也欣賞過浮雕，即在墻面上的雕塑。
And today we'll look at yet another category of sculpture-copies. Roman sulptors made copies of famous Greek sculptures.
今天，我們將要欣賞的，是另一類雕塑，即復制品。 羅馬的雕刻家復制古希臘的著名雕塑。
Student 1:Why did they do that?
學生:羅馬人為什么會那樣做呢？
PROFESSOR:Well no one knows for sure.
教授:嗯，我們其實也不是特別清楚。
You see, in the late 4th century B.C., the Romans began a campaign to expand the Roman Empire, and in 300 years they had conquered most of the Mediterranean area and parts of Europe.
在公元4世紀晚期，羅馬人發動了一場戰役，試圖擴大羅馬帝國的版圖。之后的300年里，他們征服了地中海的大部分國家和歐洲的一部分。
You know the saying,"To the victor belong the spoils"?
想必大家都知道這個諺語“戰利品為征服者所有”，
Well, the Roman army returned to Rome with many works of Greek art.
嗯，當羅馬軍隊回到了本土，他們手里就有很多希臘藝術品了。
It's probably fair to say that the Romans were impressed by Greek art and culture and they began making copies of the Greek statues.
當然，羅馬人被希臘藝術品和希臘文化震撼了，所以之后他們就開始復制古希臘藝術品了。
Now the dominant view in traditional art his that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.
在傳世藝術學界，現在有一種主流觀點是，和他們之前的希臘藝術家相比，羅馬藝術家缺乏創造力和技巧。
Essentially, the traditional view, a view that's been prevalent for over 250 years, is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldn't create sculpture of their own.
大體上說，羅馬人因不自創雕塑而復制希臘藝術品這一說法流行了250 年。
But finally some contemporary art historians have challenged this view.
但是，現當代的藝術史學家們顛覆了這個看法，
One is Elaine Gazda .
其中一位代表人物是伊萊因?伽自達。
Gazda says that there might be other reasons that Romans made copies.
伽自達指出，羅馬人復制希臘藝術品，可能另有原因。
She wasn't convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity.
她并不相信羅馬人缺乏創造力。
Can anyone think of another possible reason?
同學們，你們能夠想到一些其他的原因嗎？
Student 2:Well maybe they just admired these sculptures.
嗯，也許他們只是欽慕這些雕塑，喜歡這些雕塑的觀感。
You know, they liked the way they looked. Yes. That's one of Gazda's points.
不錯，這就是伽自達提出觀點中的一項。
Another is that while nowadays reproduction is easy, it was not so easy in Roman times.
另一項是，盡管今天復制一件藝術品很簡單，但這并不意味著羅馬時代亦是如此。
Copying statues required a lot of skill, time and effort.
復制一件藝術品，需要許多技巧、時間和精力。
So Gazda hypothesizes that copying didn't indicate a lack of artistic imagination or skill on the part of Roman artists, but rather the Romans made copies because they admired Greek sculpture.
所以，伽自達提出假說，認為羅馬人的復制品并不能表明他們缺乏藝術想象力或者藝術技巧，而是表明他們內心對希臘藝術的敬仰。
Classical Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time.
古希臘雕塑展現出一種理想化的人體形態，這種形態在當時被認為是美的表現。
Gazda also believes that it's been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as, well, copies for copy's sake and not to consider the Roman function and meaning of the statues.
伽自達相信，過去對羅馬人的復制品以及羅馬人復制古希臘藝術品這一行為的輕視是錯誤的；應該要考慮羅馬雕塑的功能和意義。
Student 1:What do you mean the Roman function? Weren't they just for decoration?
學生:您能解釋一下什么是“羅馬藝術品的功能”嗎？這些雕塑難道不只是用來作裝飾品的？
PROFESSOR:Well, not necessarily.
教授:嗯，可能不是吧！
Under the Emperor Augustus at the height of the Roman Empire, portrait statues were sent throughout the empire.
他們應該是被羅馬人用來傳達帝國、帝國皇室的某項意圖，
They were supposed to communicate specific ideas about the emperor and the imperial family and to help inhabitants of the conquered areas become familiar with the Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire.
以及幫助被羅馬人征服地域的民眾熟悉帝國領域內廣泛發行的羅馬硬幣。
Anybody care to guess what was on them?
有人想過這些硬幣上刻的是什么嗎？
Student 2:The emperor's face?
學生:羅馬皇帝面相？
PROFESSOR:That's right!
教授:對！
The coins were easy to distribute and they allowed people to see the emperor or at least his likes and served as an additional reminder to let them know, well, who was in charge.
一方面，硬幣是用來流通的；另一方面，這種硬幣使得皇帝治下的民眾常常能看到皇帝的面相，提醒他們到底是誰在掌控整個國家。
And the images helped people become familiar with the emperor.
所以，硬幣上的帝王像幫助民眾了解君主。
Statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire.
當時，帝王各種不同角色的雕塑被送到了帝國各個角落。
Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort.
現在人們意識到，一些羅馬雕塑其實是原創的，另一些是復制于希臘雕塑的，
Some combined more than one Greek statue and others combined a Greek god or an athlete with a Roman's head.
還有一些是半原創、半復刻的—這些綜合性雕塑中，一部分不只參照了希臘雕塑，還有一些雕塑把古希臘神像或運動員與羅馬人的頭顱放在一起。
At the time of Julius Caesar, I wasn't uncommon to create statues that had the body of a god and the head of an emperor.
在居流士擔任凱撒的時代，神為體、帝為頭的雕塑并不罕見。
And the Romans were clever.
其實，羅馬人非常聰明。
What they did was they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures.
他們當時從古希臘雕塑中制作出模具，
Then they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze.
然后再把模具送到帝國各個地方負責制造大理石或者青銅雕像的作坊中，
And on some statues the heads were removable.
并且有些模具的頭部是可以更換的。
They could put an emperor's head on different bodies, showing him doing different things.
他們可以把皇帝的頭顱放到不同的軀干上，從而展示他不同的事跡。
And then later when the time came they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body.
甚至到了后來，他們可以把不同皇帝的頭顱安裝在一個軀干上。
