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托福TPO-10 Lecture 3

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掃描二維碼進行跟讀打分訓練

Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an Ecology Class.

獨白:聽下面一段生態學的課堂講解。
Professor:So we've been talking about nutrients, the elements in the environment that are essential for living organisms to develop, live a healthy life and reproduce.
教授:我們一直在講養分,就是環境中對生物發展、健康生存并繁殖的必要因素。
Some nutrients are quiet scarce; there just isn't much of them in the environment.
一些養分很稀少,環境中存在的真的是很少。
But fortunately they get recycled.
但幸運的是,它們在回收。
When nutrients are used over and over in the environment, we call that a nutrient cycle.
當養分在環境中反復被使用時,我們稱之為養分循環。
Because of the importance of nutrients and their scarcity, nutrient recycling is one of the most significant eco-system processes that will cover in this course.
由于養分的重要性和貧乏性,營養回收就變成整個生態系統過程中最重要的一步。
The three most important nutrient recycles are the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and the one we are going to talk about today, the Phosphorus cycle.
最重要的三種營養回收包括氮循環、碳循環以及今天我們要講的磷循環。
So the Phosphorus cycle has been studied a lot by ecologists because like I said, Phosphorus cycle is a most important nutrient and it's not so abundant.
許多生態學家都研究了磷循環,因為正如我說的,磷循環是非常重要的養分并且也不是很充足。
The largest quantities are found in rocks at the bottom of the ocean.
最多的磷存在于海洋深處的巖石中。
How the Phosphorus get there?
磷是怎么到那里呢?
Well, let's start with the Phosphorus in rocks.
我們來講一下巖石中的磷。
The rocks get broken down into smaller and smaller particles as they are weathered. They are weathered slowly by rain and wind over long periods of time.
在風雨的常年影響下,巖石產生風化,并在風化過程中會變成越來越小的微粒。
Phosphorus is slowly released as the rocks are broken down and then it gets spread around into the soil.
磷在巖石分解過程中被釋放出來,并滲透到泥土中。
Once it's in the soil, plants absorb it through their roots.
一旦磷融入泥土,就會被植物的根部所吸收。
Student:So that's the reason people mine rocks that contain a lot of Phosphorus to help the agriculture?
學生:這就是人們開采包含磷的巖石來推助農業的原因嗎?
Professor:Hum, they mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into the agricultural fertilizers.
教授:呃,人們開采巖石,將其打碎,然后將提取出來的磷放在農業化肥里。
So humans can play a role in a first part of the Phosphorus cycle-the breaking down of rocks and the spreading Phosphorus into the soil by speeding up the rate at which this natural process occurs.
所以說人類在磷循環中也起到了巨大的作用-即通過打碎巖石,將磷撒放在泥土中來增快自然過程。
You see. Now after the Phosphorus is in the soil, plants grow. They use Phosphorus from the soil to grow.
你們看,磷進入泥土中,會增進植物的生長。
And when they die, they decompose.
植物消亡后,會腐爛分解。
And the Phosphorus is recycled back into the soil; same thing with the animals that eat those plants, or eat other animals that have eaten those plants.
那么磷就再次循環到泥土中,吃這些植物的動物、或是吃這些動物的其他動物也如此。
We call all of this-the land phase of the Phosphorus cycle.
我們把這稱之為陸地階段的磷循環。
But a lot of the Phosphorus in the soil gets washed away into rivers by rain and melting snow.
但是土壤中的很多磷會被雨水或者融雪沖刷到河水中。
And so begins another phase of the cycle.
那么就開始了另一種階段的循環。
Can anyone guess what it is called? Nancy
你們能猜猜叫什么嗎?南希?
Nancy:Well, if the one is called the land phase, then this has to be called the water phase, right?
南希:呃,那個既然叫做陸地階段循環,那么這個應該叫做水階段循環。
Professor:Yes, that's such a difficult point isn't it?
教授:是的。這是一個難點,是吧?
In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into oceans, and once in the oceans, the Phosphorus gets absorbed by water plants like algae.
在正常的水階段循環中,河水會最終傾瀉到海洋,一旦進入海洋,磷就會被海藻之類的植物所吸收。
Then fish eats the algae or eat other fish that have eaten those plants.
魚吃了這些海藻,或者吃了是其它吃了海藻的魚。
But the water phase is sometime affected by excessive fertilizers.
但是水循環階段會被過剩的肥料所影響。
If not all of Phosphorus gets used by the crops and larger amounts of Phosphorus gets into the rivers.
如果不是所有的磷被作物吸收,那么大量的磷會進入河水,
This could cause a rapid growth of water plants in the river, which can lead to the water waste getting clogged with organisms, which can change the flow of the water.
這就會引起水下植物的迅速生長,最終導致有機體在水中產生堵塞,這就會改變河水的流動。
Several current studies are looking at these effects and I really do hope we can find the way to deal with this issue before these ecosystems are adversely affected.
目前人們針對這些影響在做一些研究,我真的希望能在生態系統遭到破壞之前找到應付這個問題的方法。
Ok? Of course, another way that humans can interrupt the normal process is fishing.
好了,當然,人們還有一種干預正常過程的方式-捕魚。
The fishing industry helps bring Phosphorus back to land.
捕魚業可以幫助磷回歸陸地。
In the normal water phase the remaining Phosphorus makes its way, settles to the bottom of the ocean and gets mixed into the ocean sediments.
在正常的水階段循環中,磷會進入海洋底部,與海洋沉淀物混合在一起。
But remember, this is a cycle.
但是記住,這是一個循環。
The Phosphorus at the bottom of the ocean has to somehow make its way back to the surface, to complete the cycle, to begin the cycle all over again.
海洋深處的磷還需回到海洋表面,來完成循環,然后從頭開始在此循環。
After millions of years, powerful geological forces, like under water volcanoes lift up the ocean sediments to form new land.
幾百萬年后,強烈的地質作用,如地下火山會提升海洋并形成陸地。
When an under volcano pushes submerge rock to the surface, a new island is created.
當地下火山推動海底巖石到表面時,新陸地形成。
Then over many more years the Phosphorus reach rocks of the new land begin to erode and the cycle continues.
多年后磷會到達新陸地并開始腐蝕,循環再繼續。
Guy:What about, well, you said that the nitrogen cycle is also an important nutrient cycle.
學生:那么,您剛才說氮循環也是很重要的養分循環,
And there is a lot of nitrogen in the atmosphere, so I was wondering, is there a lot of Phosphorus in the atmosphere too?
而大氣層中有很多的氮, 所以我在想,大氣層中也有很多的磷嗎?
Professor:Good question, George.
教授:這是個好問題,喬治。
You're right to guess the Phosphorus can end up in earth atmosphere.
你猜測磷會到達地球大氣層的想法是對的。
It can move from the land or from the oceans to the atmosphere, and vice versa.
它可以從陸地或者海洋到達大氣層中,反之亦然。
However, there's just not as substantial amount of it there, like there is with nitrogen, it's a very minimal quantity.
然而,和氮不一樣,大氣層中磷的含量非常少。

重點單詞   查看全部解釋    
nutrient ['nju:triənt]

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adj. 營養的,滋養的
n. 營養物,營養品

 
environment [in'vaiərənmənt]

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n. 環境,外界

 
scarcity ['skɛəsiti]

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n. 缺乏,不足,缺少

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erode [i'rəud]

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vt. 腐蝕,侵蝕
vi. 受到侵蝕

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absorbed [əb'sɔ:bd]

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adj. 一心一意的;被吸收的 v. 吸收;使全神貫注(

 
spread [spred]

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v. 伸展,展開,傳播,散布,鋪開,涂撒
n.

 
essential [i'senʃəl]

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n. 要素,要點
adj. 必要的,重要的,本

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volcano [vɔl'keinəu]

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n. 火山

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affected [ə'fektid]

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adj. 受影響的,受感動的,受疾病侵襲的 adj. 做

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quantity ['kwɔntiti]

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n. 量,數量,大量

 
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