TPO16,17,18本章節(jié)列舉的是常見的推斷題錯誤題型，希望同學(xué)們完成之后做好歸類和思路規(guī)整；同樣要求先做題再看解析；TPO19 是一道常錯句子簡化題，要求大家看明白解析的內(nèi)容，舉一反三，用簡單思路完成復(fù)雜句子簡化題，并且做到使這道題每次見到必然秒殺；TPO20常錯在兩個選項的糾結(jié)上，要求大家會靈活用好“排除”這個強(qiáng)大武器。祝大家進(jìn)步！
TPO16
第一篇 Development of the Periodic Table
6. 常錯為A，錯誤原因：定位的是這一句Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element。這個題也極其容易選擇B項，因為B 含有與原文due to 一致的詞isotopes，但仔細(xì)閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)說他們沒有,這是原文沒有表達(dá)出來的意思，排除。在這種情況下，我們就不能根據(jù)因果關(guān)系下手了。
Paragraph 2: When the German chemist Lothar Meyer and (independently) the Russian Dmitry Mendeleyev first introduced the periodic table in 1869-70, one-third of the naturally occurring chemical elements had not yet been discovered. Because there is no space in the periodic table between these two elements, Mendeleyev suggested that the atomic mass of indium be changed to a completely different value, where it would fill an empty space between cadmium and tin. In fact, subsequent work has shown that in a periodic table, elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass. For example, tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table, even though its atomic mass is slightly greater. Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element. All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in their number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass. The isotopes of a given element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties. We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.

6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table even though tellurium's atomic mass is slightly greater because (4)
○iodine is less common than tellurium
○both iodine and tellurium have no isotopes
○the chemical behavior of tellurium is highly variable
○the atomic number of tellurium is smaller than that of iodine

這個題是個推斷題。原詞定位：定位后最在位置是在for example 之后，我們下意識的看前面的主旨部分：elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass.也就是說不能按照mass排列，根據(jù)這句話我們往后找，不按照mass按照什么，找到最后一句否定mass的一句：We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.我們肯定了number，必然是這個詞的關(guān)系，選與這個詞有關(guān)的選項，D：t的number小于i。所以在前面。照應(yīng)題目。

TPO17
第二篇Animal Signals in the Rain Forest

9. 常錯選B
Paragraph 4: Very little light filters through the canopy of leaves and branches in a rain forest to reach ground level—or close to the ground—and at those levels the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate. A signal might be most easily seen if it is maximally bright.

9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about yellow and green colors compared with red and orange colors at the bottom of the forest?（3）
○Yellow and green are better colors for signaling than red and orange colors.
○Orange and red are brighter colors than yellow and green.
○Yellow and green are likely to be more common in the background than red and orange.
○Orange and red colors do not contrast as well with the forest floor as yellow and green do.

直接定位到and at those levels the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate.這個題目的簡單之處在于：predominate，就是主要的，題目中的“相比于其他”就不需要再找了，直接找more 多 than anything else 之類描述即可。本題屬于推斷題目中明推---正推。

第三篇 Symbiotic Relationship
1． 常錯選B
Paragraph 1: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1? （3）
○It excludes interactions between more than two species.
○It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.
○Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
○Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
這個很簡單：定位原文是第三行的commensalism，后文是接著說一盒三中是KEY factor，說明是主要的；而這個題是個推斷題，必然是中間那種是不主要的。所以選C,重要性-小。本題屬于推斷題目中明推----反推。

TPO18
第三篇 Lightning
10. 常錯選D
Paragraph 5: The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.
10.Which of the following claims about lightning strikes can be inferred from paragraph 5?(3)
○ During a lightning strike the diameter of the channel the electrons follow is considerably enlarged beyond a few centimeters.
○ A building is unlikely to be hit by lightning unless it is at least 100 meters tall.
○ A building is hit by a lightning strike because the building itself has first determined the path the lightening then takes to it.
○ The light of a lightning strike first appears at the point where the streams of negative and positive particles meet.

解析：直接定位strike，定位句子的主干為：這就是為什么閃電打擊高建筑，很容易識別。我們看上句必然是why的解釋：主干為：（遇上了來自云的）正電常常來自于高尖建筑比如…;肯定推理出來的結(jié)果是和高建筑有關(guān)，定位答案BC;B的表達(dá)帶有unlikely to be hit，否了，與原文often strikes a tall structure違背；最后看C ,剛好也有我們需要的原因，兩點定位，直選。本題屬于推斷題中的明推類型，比較簡單。

TPO19
第二篇 SUCCESSION, CLIMAX, AND ECOSYSTEMS
11.常錯選的A
With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (4)
O Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specifically to the physical factors within an environment.
O The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.
O When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “ecosystem.”
O The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.

看似復(fù)雜的句子簡化題，我們可以利用其中我們熟悉并且可以駕馭的“點”來做。
大句子結(jié)構(gòu)是with..(+各種看不懂)，the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for。。。，就是“伴隨著。。。，這個詞語被廣泛接受，原因是…;”先找ABCD中有ecosystem被接受的選項：CD; A 是“ecosystem” refers specifically to：ecosystem指的是，動詞變了；B “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to,扯到一起說了；C靠譜；D ecosystem” gradually replaced，它代替了什么什么，也能用；選定CD;再找關(guān)鍵點：for。表原因，原句跟的原因關(guān)鍵詞是 for 系統(tǒng)，環(huán)境之類；直接定到D 就可以了。句子簡化的巧做可以省下很多腦細(xì)胞，畢竟之后還有聽力的部分。

TPO20
第一篇 Westward migration
2．常錯選D
Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main,。。。。。 "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

2.What is the purpose of the statement, “Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there”?(3)
O To illustrate that generally population shifts occur rapidly
O To correct a mistaken impression of American agriculture from 1810 to 1840
O To emphasize the range and speed with which the westward migration occurred
O To demonstrated how attractive the Appalachian Mountains were to Americans

容易錯選A D
解析：兩個年代明顯說 人數(shù)增加了，由七分之一到三分之一，往前找，great move ，peak頂峰，都是在說人口遷移量大。D項的 關(guān)鍵修飾成分attractive 未出現(xiàn)，這個題目也不是推斷題，明顯是purpose目的題，排。很多同學(xué)在A 和C之間糾結(jié)，都有速度問題rapidly和spees，區(qū)別在于C的range 規(guī)模和 A 的generally 普遍意義上的人口轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)生得快；錯就錯在A 的這個generally shifts上。人口總數(shù)是不變的，這里明顯強(qiáng)調(diào)的是遷移人口的多和快。

最后希望大家在做題過程中一定要對各種功能詞敏感，這常常會使我們事半功倍，更有目標(biāo)性的預(yù)測答案。