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托福TPO-06 Lecture 1

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Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.

獨(dú)白:請(qǐng)聽(tīng)下面經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課的一部分。
Professor:Now when I mention the terms “boom and bust”, what is that going to mind?
教授:現(xiàn)在當(dāng)我提及“繁榮與泡沫”這一術(shù)語(yǔ),躍入同學(xué)們腦中的會(huì)是哪些經(jīng)濟(jì)事件?
Student:The dotcom crash of the'90s.
學(xué)生:90年代末的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫危機(jī)。
Professor:Ok.The boom in the late 1990s when all those new Internet companies sprung up and then sold for huge amounts of money.
教授:是的?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)興起于二十世紀(jì)九十年代,當(dāng)時(shí)諸多互聯(lián)網(wǎng)公司蓬勃興起,并持續(xù)以高價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)手。
Then the bust around 2000…2001 when many of those same Internet companies went out of business.
直到約2000,2001年,許多公司都面臨破產(chǎn),互聯(lián)網(wǎng)行業(yè)的繁榮也就宣告終結(jié)。
Of course, booms aren't always followed by busts.
當(dāng)然,行業(yè)繁榮并不總是以泡沫而告終。
We've certainly seen times when local economies expanded rapidly for a while and then went back to a normal pace of growth.
在許多時(shí)期,地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)在高速擴(kuò)張后回落,繼續(xù)以正常速率發(fā)展。
But, there's a type of rapid expansion, what might be called the hysterical or irrational boom that pretty much always leads to a bust.
然而,確實(shí)存在一種劇烈的行業(yè)擴(kuò)張,被稱為超速或非理性繁榮,它通常以產(chǎn)業(yè)泡沫破裂而終結(jié)。
See, people often create and intensify a boom when they get carried away by some new industry that seems like it will make them lots of money fast.
一旦某一新興產(chǎn)業(yè)能夠迅速帶來(lái)巨額財(cái)富,人們便忘乎所以地不斷地為膨脹的行業(yè)泡沫加砝碼。
You'd think that by the 90s, people would have learned from the past.
你們或許認(rèn)為,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展到九十年代,人們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)吸取教訓(xùn),以理性的態(tài)度對(duì)待產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。
If they did, well, look at tulips.
然而事實(shí)并非如此,讓我們來(lái)回顧郁金香產(chǎn)業(yè)泡沫的崩潰過(guò)程。
Student:Tulips? You mean like the flower?
學(xué)生:郁金香?您是指花卉?
Professor:Exactly.
教授:是的。
For instance, do you have any idea where tulips are from? Originally I mean.
同學(xué)們知道郁金香發(fā)源自何處嗎?
Student:Well, the Netherlands, right?
學(xué)生:荷蘭,對(duì)嗎?
Professor:That's what most people think, but no.
教授:許多人都這樣認(rèn)為,但事實(shí)并非如此。
They are not native to the Netherlands, or even Europe.
郁金香并非原產(chǎn)自荷蘭或者歐洲的其他地區(qū)。
Tulips actually hail from an area that Chinese call the Celestial Mountains in Central Asia.A very remote mountainous region.
郁金香初生于亞洲中部昆侖山脈這一非常遙遠(yuǎn)的山區(qū)。
It was Turkish nomads who first discovered tulips and spread them slowly westward.
土耳其游牧民族最先發(fā)現(xiàn)了郁金香而后將其逐漸帶往西方。
Now, around the 16th century, Europeans were traveling to Istanbul and Turkey as merchants and diplomats.
在十六世紀(jì)左右,歐洲人不斷前往伊斯坦布爾和土耳其經(jīng)商或從事政治外交活動(dòng),
And the Turks often gave the Europeans tulip bulbs as gifts which they would carry home with them.
當(dāng)?shù)厝吮銓⒂艚鹣闱蚯o作為禮物贈(zèng)送給歐洲人。
For the Europeans, tulips were totally unheard of. Er…a great novelty.
對(duì)歐洲人而言,郁金香是聞所未聞極為新奇的物種,
The first bulb to show up in the Netherlands, the merchant who received them roasted and ate them. He thought they were kind of onion.
最初其球莖出現(xiàn)在荷蘭時(shí),當(dāng)?shù)厣倘松踔翆⑵渥鳛槟撤N洋蔥烘烤食用。
It turns out that the Netherlands was an ideal country for growing tulips.
事實(shí)證明,荷蘭的氣候極其適合郁金香的種植。
It had the right kind of sandy soil for one thing,
一方面,荷蘭當(dāng)?shù)負(fù)碛羞m宜郁金香生長(zhǎng)的沙狀土,
but also, it was a wealthy nation with a growing economy, willing to spend lots of money on new exotic things.
另一方面,荷蘭十分富有,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速,因此商人愿意投資發(fā)展這一新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。
Plus, the Dutch had a history of gardening.
再加上荷蘭人生性喜愛(ài)園藝,
Wealthy people would compete, spending enormous amounts of money to buy the rarest flowers for their gardens.
富有階層則不遺余力地花費(fèi)重金,收集最為稀有的花卉品種。
Soon tulips were beginning to show up in different colors as growers tried to breed them specifically for colors which would make them even more valuable.
隨后,種植者開(kāi)始專注于培育顏色各異的郁金香花,以進(jìn)一步增加其球莖的價(jià)值,
But they were never completely sure what they would get.
但問(wèn)題在于種植者并不能保證顏色培育的成功。
Some of the most priced tulips were white with purple stricks, or red with yellow stricks on the paddles, even a dark purple tulip that was very much priced.
當(dāng)時(shí)最為貴重的郁金香種類包括花瓣上帶有紫色彩帶的白色花朵、帶有黃色彩帶的紅色花朵,以及深紫色花朵等。
What happened then was a craze for these specialized tulips.
緊接著一場(chǎng)圍繞“特色”郁金香的產(chǎn)業(yè)狂潮便展開(kāi)了,
We called that craze “tulip mania”.
我們稱之為“郁金香狂潮”。
So, here we've got all the conditions for an irrational boom:
現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)得出了產(chǎn)業(yè)非理性發(fā)展的必要條件:
a prospering economy, so more people had more disposable income-money to spend on luxuries, but they weren't experienced at investing their new wealth.
首先,繁榮的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),即不理智的、缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的消費(fèi)者擁有大量可支配收入來(lái)購(gòu)買、投資奢侈品。
Then along comes a thrilling commodity.
其次,出現(xiàn)某種新奇刺激的商品。
Sure the first specimens were just played right in tulips,
雖然最初的郁金香品種較為普通,
but they could be bred into some extraordinary variations, like that dark purple tulip.
但隨后種植者培育出各種奇特的變種,例如深紫色郁金香等等。
And finally, you have an unregulated market place, no government constrains, where price could explode.
最后,產(chǎn)業(yè)市場(chǎng)缺乏政府監(jiān)管,價(jià)格得以自由攀升。
And explode they did, starting in the 1630s.
于是郁金香價(jià)格在十七世紀(jì)三十年代開(kāi)始暴漲,
There was always much more demand for tulips than supply.
這是由于市場(chǎng)需求一直遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于供給。
Tulips didn't bloom frequently like roses.
郁金香與玫瑰不同,
Tulips bloomed once in the early spring. And that was it for the year.
它每年只在春季開(kāi)一次花。所以較為珍貴。
Eventually, specially-bred multi-colored tulips became so valuable, well, according to records, one tulip bulb was worth 24 tons of wheat, or thousand pounds of cheese.
最終,特別培育的混色郁金香的價(jià)格上升到了不可思議的水平,根據(jù)歷史記錄,一枚郁金香球莖與 24 噸小麥或幾千磅起司等值,
One particular tulip bulb was sold and exchanged for a small sheep.
而某種特殊球莖甚至與小型輪船等值。
In other words, tulips were literally worth their weight in gold.
換句話說(shuō),郁金香已如黃金般珍貴。
As demand grew, people began selling promissory notes guaranteeing the future delivery of priced tulip bulbs.
隨著市場(chǎng)需求的不斷膨脹,商人開(kāi)始出售本票來(lái)確保未來(lái)高價(jià)郁金香的供給,

The buyers of these pieces of paper would resell the notes and mark up prices.

而本票購(gòu)買者則以更高價(jià)格再次出售從而獲利。
These promissory notes kept changing hands from buyer to buyer until the tulip was ready for delivery.
這些本票在不同投資者之間轉(zhuǎn)手,直到最終郁金香球莖正式交貨才會(huì)停止。
But it was all pure speculation because as I said, there was no way to know if the bulb was really going to produce the variety, the color that was promised.
但正如我剛才提到的,郁金香培育者對(duì)于花朵色彩的估計(jì)是缺乏科學(xué)分析的,人們并不能確保球莖確實(shí)能夠發(fā)育成各色花朵,
But that didn't matter to the owner of the note.
但本票投資者并不關(guān)心這一信息,
The owner only cared about having that piece of paper so it could be traded later at a profit.
這些投機(jī)商人只關(guān)心本票的價(jià)格能否在未來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦哳~利潤(rùn)。
And people were borrowing, mortgaging their homes in many cases to obtain those bits of paper because they were sure they'd find an easy way to make money.
人們甚至通過(guò)借款、抵押住房來(lái)購(gòu)買郁金香本票,以為自己發(fā)現(xiàn)了一夜暴富的捷徑。
So now, you've got all the ingredients for a huge bust.
現(xiàn)在同學(xué)們已經(jīng)知曉了經(jīng)濟(jì)泡沫破裂的所有必要條件,
And bust it did, when one cold February morning in 1637, a group of bulb traders got together and discovered that suddenly there were no bidders.
而郁金香產(chǎn)業(yè)的崩潰也不可避免的來(lái)臨了。1637 年 2 月的一個(gè)寒冷的早晨,郁金香球莖販賣者們聚集在一起,
Nobody wanted to buy.
發(fā)現(xiàn)突然之間再無(wú)人愿意出價(jià)購(gòu)買郁金香。
Panic spread like wild fire and the tulip market collapsed totally.
恐慌情緒如野火般肆意蔓延,郁金香市場(chǎng)徹底崩潰了。

重點(diǎn)單詞   查看全部解釋    
commodity [kə'mɔditi]

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n. 商品,日用品

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narrator [næ'reitə]

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n. 敘述者,講解員

 
enormous [i'nɔ:məs]

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adj. 巨大的,龐大的

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delivery [di'livəri]

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n. 遞送,交付,分娩

 
bulb [bʌlb]

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n. 電燈泡,球狀物

 
specialized ['speʃəlaizd]

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專門的 專科的

 
valuable ['væljuəbl]

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adj. 貴重的,有價(jià)值的
n. (pl.)貴

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willing ['wiliŋ]

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adj. 愿意的,心甘情愿的

 
mountainous ['mauntinəs]

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adj. 多山的,如山一般的

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irrational [i'ræʃənəl]

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n. 無(wú)理數(shù) adj. 無(wú)理性的,不合理的

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