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經濟學人:匯集于集市 Gathered in the marketplace

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Books and Arts; Book Review;Slavery in Africa;Gathered in the marketplace;

文藝;書評;非洲奴隸制;匯集于集市;

The Last Slave Market: Dr John Kirk and the Struggle to End the African Slave Trade. By Alastair Hazell.

《最后的奴隸市場:John Kirk博士和終結非洲奴隸貿易的斗爭》作者:Alastair Hazell。

The standard line on Victorians is that they were bad for Africa. In a multitude of ways that was true. Yet the irony is that English-speaking Africa today (in its respect for elders, thirst for education, attitude to criminals, its piety and primness) is probably more Victorian than anywhere else in the world. The journey that African boys now make from village to heaving cities has a Dickensian feel; not David Copperfield but David Odhiambo. And why are Anglican and Presbyterian churches still the pillar of so many African communities? Weren’t these de facto assemblies of colonialism? Up to a point. As Alastair Hazell reminds the reader in this compelling new history, the Victorians were also responsible for ending the slave trade in Africa. For that, and for the evangelism that followed, their influence has outlasted that of the Marxists and pan-Africanists.

人們普遍的看法是,維多利亞時期的英國人對非洲起了消極的作用。從很多方面來看確實如此。而諷刺的是,今天,非洲英語使用地區的維多利亞時代特色也許比世界上其他任何地方都更為明顯。這里的人們尊敬長者,渴求教育,嚴懲罪犯,虔誠拘謹。如今,非洲男孩從鄉村到大都市的經歷很有些狄更斯筆下人物的味道,相對于大衛·科波菲爾,他們的經歷更似David Odhiambo(David Odhiambo: 肯尼亞裔作家,后移居加拿大)。為何英國國教和基督教長老會依然在眾多非洲社區扮演著支柱的角色?它們實際上難道不是殖民主義的集會嗎?也不完全如此。Alastair Hazell的這部吸引讀者眼球的歷史新作引起人們重新的思考,維多利亞時代也曾對終結非洲奴隸貿易做出貢獻。由于這一點,加上緊隨其后的福音傳道,維多利亞時代英國人的影響比馬克思主義者和泛非洲主義者更為深遠。

Mr Hazell has a cracking character in John Kirk. A Scottish botanist blessed with a strong and supportive wife, Kirk was the British representative on the Indian Ocean island of Zanzibar from 1866 to 1886. He arguably did more than anyone else to abolish slavery in the sultanate. The author shows just how extensive that trade was. Zanzibari agents trekked deep into the interior buying up human beings. The limits of their range, in Congo, are the limits of where the native coast language, Kiswahili, is spoken today. Slaves were manacled and marched to the ocean. Many perished on the way. Those too emaciated to make the crossing to Zanzibar were left to die on the shore. Richard Burton, a British explorer, described slave corpses floating in the island’s sewage.

在Hazell看來,John Kirk的品行十分出眾。Kirk是一名蘇格蘭植物學家,上天賜予了他一位堅強的妻子,對他的工作支持有加。1866至1886年間,Kirk在英國駐印度洋桑給巴爾島代表??梢哉f,Kirk在廢除蘇丹奴隸制方面做出的努力比任何人都要多。本書作者正是向人們展示了奴隸貿易的廣泛性。桑給巴爾代理機構經過艱苦跋涉,深入國境內部,盡可能多的收購奴隸。這些代理機構在剛果綿延至如今使用當地斯瓦西里語的沿海地區。奴隸戴著手銬,被迫向海洋方向前行。途中喪生者無數。過于瘦弱憔悴,無法遠渡大洋前往桑給巴爾的奴隸則被遺棄在岸邊,任其死亡。據英國探險家Richard Burton描述,桑給巴爾島的下水道中都漂浮著奴隸的尸體。

Burton was one of several men who crossed paths with Kirk. Earlier in his career Kirk accompanied David Livingstone up the Zambezi. And Henry Morton Stanley, an American journalist-adventurer, visited Kirk in Zanzibar for advice before setting out to find Livingstone. Mr Hazell describes Livingstone as uncommunicative, morose and “often ill at ease with himself.” Kirk was steadier. He worked patiently to gain the trust of traders and made meticulous records of the slave markets.

Burton是與Kirk共事的幾人之一。Kirk早年與David Livingstone一起在贊比西河上游工作。美國記者兼冒險家Henry Morton Stanley在出發尋找Livingstone前,在桑給巴爾與Kirk見過面并向他征求建議。據Hazell描述,Livingstone是一個沉默寡言,陰郁孤僻的人,“他常常覺得不安?!盞irk則更為穩重。他用耐心的工作換來了商人的信任,并且對奴隸市場情況做了詳細的記錄。

Zanzibar was the main conduit of slaves from Africa to Arabia, as a sculpture in the town commemorates (pictured below). Abolitionists railed against the trade. But the island’s Omani rulers were implacable, arguing that the Koran gave the right to enslave infidels. Britain itself sent out mixed messages. Zanzibar was nominally under the control of the India Office and officials there valued stability. Besides, the slaves came along with flawless and easily worked ivory from jungle elephants that was in demand in England for billiard balls, piano keys, trinkets, knives and forks. “The cutlers of Sheffield alone took 170 tons [a year],” the author notes.

非洲奴隸主要通過桑給巴爾島流向阿拉伯半島,鎮上還有紀念雕塑(下圖所示)。廢奴主義者強烈抗議奴隸貿易。而島上的阿曼統治者態度卻極為堅決,他們堅持認為,古蘭經賦予了人們以異教徒為奴的權利。英國本身的態度也含糊不清。名義上,桑給巴爾受印度辦事處管轄,官員很重視這里的穩定程度。另外,人們很容易從生活在叢林中得大象身上取得光潔無暇的象牙,在引進奴隸的同時,象牙也一同流入英國,制成暢銷的臺球、鋼琴鍵、裝飾品和刀叉。Hazell指出:“僅在謝菲爾德,(每年)就有170噸象牙來到刀叉制造商手中?!?/div>

The Zanzibaris learned that the best course was publicly to give in to the British, and then just continue trading slaves. When Kirk took the Sultan of Zanzibar, Barghash bin-Said, to London, taking advantage of the national mourning following the death of Livingstone in 1873, the public declared a victory for British civilisation. Barghash played along, telling the Church Missionary Society that “spreading the light of godly knowledge among the ignorant in Africa” was a “praiseworthy object and as such will meet with recompense from God.” Less advertised was that on the journey back home Barghash could not resist buying a selection of women slaves in Egypt for his harem.

桑給巴爾人發現,最好的方法是表面服從英國,暗中繼續奴隸貿易。1873年,舉國哀悼Livingstone的逝世,借此機會,Kirk將桑給巴爾首領Barghash bin-Said帶到了倫敦,于是人們宣告了英國文明的凱旋。Barghash也附和著向英國教會傳信會表示,“在愚昧無知的非洲傳播神圣的知識之光目標可嘉,此舉定會得到上帝的獎賞。”而鮮為人知的是,在回國的路上,Barghash不由自主地在埃及為他的三妻四妾購買了一些精選女奴。

There is much to enjoy and reflect upon in this carefully researched and briskly told account. Some quibbles remain. The author has a bias towards the stories of resolute Britons like Captain Atkins Hamerton over Arab adventurers. And while he clearly feels for the enslaved Africans, he shows little curiosity to explore further. Which peoples were the slaves from? What became of them? The documentation may be insufficient, but whether through genetics, linguistics or archaeology it is important to know more.

書中研究細致,敘述令人耳目一新,提供了大量供讀者欣賞和思考的素材。但是也存在一些有待斟酌之處。本書作者略有偏袒如Atkins Hamerton船長一類的英國人,對阿拉伯探險者態度過于決絕,而對非洲奴隸表現出了明顯的同情,對更遠的探索也沒什么興趣可言。奴隸們為何種民族?他們有著怎樣的遭遇?史實文件也許不夠詳實,但是從遺傳學、語言學和考古學的角度,更進一步的了解也許意義重大。

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genetics [dʒi'netiks]

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n. 遺傳學

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bias ['baiəs]

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n. 偏見,斜紋
vt. 使偏心

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explore [iks'plɔ:]

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v. 探險,探測,探究

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sculpture ['skʌlptʃə]

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n. 雕塑
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advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ]

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archaeology [.ɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi]

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