第十一章 真題講解八

專題二 結構類專題

一、分類列舉文章
結構比較清晰的稱為分類列舉文章
解題要點：
1、 主題句中出現總述性的復數詞匯。
2、 每小節一個列舉，抓與主題相關的特色詞匯。
3、 實現段落跳讀。

二、強邏輯文章（較難）
解題要點：
1、 抓住邏輯關鍵詞。（如強轉折、強對比等關鍵詞）
2、 邊讀邊總結，把握邏輯線索。
3、 略讀人名、數字和引言。

實例分析
《英語中級口譯全真試題集》Page 89 Questions 11~15
第一步：劃分出文章的七個小節

First the hamburger connection; now the songbird connection. The first link goes like this. Citizens of the United States are hungry for beef, especially in the form of fast foods such as hamburgers, frankfurters and the like. Yet beef has been one of the most inflationary items in the consumer’s weekly shopping basket.

由頭兩句猜測本篇文章是分類列舉文章。

hamburger connection
songbird connection
Yet　非常關鍵的轉折詞

So the US government has authorized imports of so – called cheap beef from central America—beef raised on pasturelands established almost entirely at the cost of tropical forests. By trying to trim a nickel off the price of a hamburger, the US has contributed, albeit unwittingly but effectively and increasingly, to the massive loss of forests from southern Mexico to Panama.

So表示結果的邏輯關鍵詞
　　so – called：一個破折號表示解釋說明，本詞表示一種反諷意味
　　
Now the second link. A vast throng of North American songbirds spend their winters in Central America and the Caribbean－about two thirds of all woodland and forest species, totaling around half of all land birds breeding in North America.
If you look around you on a warm winter’s day in Belize or the Bahamas, every second bird you see is likely to hail from North America.

about two thirds：數字可以略讀
every second：每隔一個，二分之一

But the migrants have been running into trouble, according to Dr Eugene S. Morton and his colleagues at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. When several billion birds leave North America each autumn, they find, on arriving in their wintering grounds of central America and the Caribbean, that their forest habitats have been succumbing to the machete and the match.

But：強轉折詞
Dr Eugene S. Morton and his colleagues at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC.：人名和頭銜可以略讀

As a result, fewer birds are heading back each spring north of the border. Smithsonian scientists notice that species numbers are declining at rates between one and four per cent a year. The prospect is that there will be major reductions in throngs of forest – dwelling migrants. According to Professor John Terborghof Princeton University, “We are, in effect, about to play observers in a massive experiment in which there will be dramatic alterations in the relative population sizes of numerous common species.”

As a result：邏輯關鍵詞
According to：引言關鍵詞，引言可以省略

Ironically, it is precisely at the time of the songbirds’ return that a number of insect species are likewise putting in a reappearance in North America. They tend to be at key phases of their life cycles, as larvae, etc which leave them unusually vulnerable to insect – eating birds. The Smithsonian scientists speculate that the insect populations have thus far been held below levels at which they prove harmful to agricultural crops, through the predation pressures of huge numbers of songbirds returning over the horizon at just about the right time. If, however, the songbirds continue to decline, the insects could, within the foreseeable future, start to enjoy a population explosion every spring－which could mean bad news for US farmers.

Ironically：具有轉折意味的邏輯關鍵詞
　　If：假設
However：引出邏輯線索

兩條線索：
Hamburger：美國人喜歡牛肉 ——牛肉價格上漲——從中美進口牛肉——中美森林銳減

Songbird：　北美鳥到中美過冬——中美森林銳減——家園失落——鳥少了——蟲多了——美國人遭殃了

總結
分類列舉文章解題技巧：邊讀邊總結

11. According to the article, the US government has .
(A) arranged for forest land in Central America to be cleared
(B) seen a massive fall in the consumption of hamburgers
(C) bought up grazing land for cattle in Central America
(D) made it possible for Americans to buy meat at reduced prices

So the US government has authorized imports of so – called cheap beef from central America—beef raised on pasturelands established almost entirely at the cost of tropical forests. By trying to trim a nickel off the price of a hamburger, the US has contributed, albeit unwittingly but effectively and increasingly, to the massive loss of forests from southern Mexico to Panama.

12. The article suggests that .
(A) about 50% of winter birds around the Caribbean are from North America
(B) half the forests in Central America have been destroyed in the past three decades
(C) a third of all North American woodland birds migrate to Central America or the Caribbean
(D) very little forest land in the United States is inhabited by birds

suggests
suggests推斷題標志詞，同樣的詞還有infer, imply, most likely, probably, indicate, conclude, suggest, learn
解題技巧：出題者很難出客觀公正的推斷答案，一般設計陷阱答案——采用排除法

陷阱答案的三種方式：
1、 照搬原文
2、 引誘使用常識
3、 推斷過度

13. The expression “succumbing to the machete and the match”(Paragraph. 5) is a metaphor for
.
(A) being returned to a balanced ecology (B) losing their fight against time
(C) being cut down and burnt (D) being ploughed into the ground

原文：
When several billion birds leave North America each autumn, they find, on arriving in their wintering grounds of central America and the Caribbean, that their forest habitats have been succumbing to the machete and the match.
詞匯題解題技巧：邏輯關系無法替換。

14. Why are the numbers of birds returning north declining annually?
(A) There are fewer forests in the US for them to return to.
(B) A huge experiment is being conducted on bird populations.
(C) Tropical forests can support greater numbers now.
(D) Their southern habitat is being drastically reduced.

15. The bad news for farmers in spring might be an increase in .
(A) the number of songbirds (B) the number of insects
(C) the size of larvae (D) the price of beef

larvae：幼蟲
size of larvae ；幼蟲的尺寸

文章中的重點詞匯：
nickel：五美分
美元的單位：cent、nickel（金屬元素鎳）dime、quarter、buck
speculate：預測（口譯常考詞）
三大含義：
深思：meditate, ponder
推測：assume
投機