評論
打印
There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young.
直接用于與他人交往的教育與專為年輕人設計的教育是明顯不同的。
In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.
在前者中，教育具有偶然性，自然而又重要，但教育并不是交往的明確動機。
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
可以說，衡量任何社會制度的價值在與它對擴大和改進經驗的影響，但是這種影響并不是它最初動機的組成部分。
Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;
例如，宗教的交往始于希望維護對統治力量的熱情，避免不良影響；
family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.
家庭生活是希望滿足欲望，維護家庭的永恒發展；在很大程度上，有計劃的勞動是為了奴役他人等等。
Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
只有逐步才能注意到一種制度的副作用，而要承認這種副作用是執行該制度的一種規定性因素則更加緩慢。
Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
甚至今天，在工業生活中，除了勤勞和節儉這些價值之外，與有形的產出相比，我們很少對開展工作賴以存在的人類交往形式作出的智力和情感反應予以重視。
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.
但是在與年輕人打交道時，交往本身是直接的，其重要性日益增加。
While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
在和年輕人交往時，我們容易忽略自己的行為對他們性格的影響，但是在與成人打交道時卻并不如此容易。
The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.
顯而易見，這需要參加培訓。改變他們態度和習慣的壓力非常迫切，必須對這些結果予以充分考慮。
Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.
既然我們的主要任務是讓年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住要考慮是否我們正在形成獲得這種能力的力量。
If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.
如果人類在認識方面取得了進步，意識到任何機構的最終價值在于它對人類的特殊影響，我們就有充分的理由相信這種教訓大部分是通過與年輕人的交往而獲得的。
We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.
因此，我們要在從一直考慮的整個教育過程中辨認出一種比較正規的教育--直接教育或者學校教育。
In under-developed social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training.
我們發現，欠發達的社會群體很少有正規的教育和培訓。
These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
這些群體主要采取維護成年人忠于群體的交往形式，向年輕人灌輸所需的性情。
