引申是指從原詞的內(nèi)在含義出發(fā)，結(jié)合語境和譯入語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，在譯文中對(duì)某些詞作一定的語義調(diào)整，以達(dá)到

忠實(shí)、通順的目的。英譯漢時(shí)常常會(huì)遇到許多單詞，按詞典上給的詞義來翻譯，譯文就會(huì)生硬難懂，甚至造成意思上的曲解。因此，需對(duì)詞義進(jìn)行必要的變動(dòng)，引申出能表達(dá)詞語內(nèi)在含義的新的表達(dá)方式。引申既可化具體為抽象，也可化抽象為具體。

一、從具體到抽象

There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.

分析：bottleneck本指瓶頸，由于具有使緩慢和阻滯的效果，因而被抽象地引申為限制。

參考譯文：過去有過這種情況：移民限制極為嚴(yán)格，不許任何人出于個(gè)人考慮而遷居他國(guó)。

二、從抽象到具體

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

參考譯文：幾乎每個(gè)史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家們的觀點(diǎn)都趨向于認(rèn)為史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)并闡明過去發(fā)生的重大事件。