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A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China.
Researchers estimate that the half-billion people alive there in the 1990s will live an average of 5 years less than their southern counterparts because they breathed dirtier air.
China itself made the comparison possible: for decades, a now-discontinued government policy provided free coal for heating, but only in the colder north. Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions.
While previous studies have found that pollution affects human health, "the deeper and ultimately more imortant question is the impact on life expectancy," said one of the researchers,
Michael Greenstone, a professor of environmental economics at Massachusetts Institute of一Technology.
"This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the(heating) policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations（含量），Greenstone said in an email. "Further, due to the low rates of migration in China in this period, we can know people's exposure over long time periods," he said.
The policy gave free coal for fuel boilers to heat homes and offices to cities north of the Huai which divides China into north and south. It was in effect for much of the 1950-198,0 period of central planning, and, though discontinued after 1980, it has left a legacy（遺留)in the north of heavy coal burning, which releases particulate pollutants into the air that can harm human health. Researchers found no other government policies that treated China's north differently from the south.
The researchers collected data for 90 cities, from 1981 to 2000, on the annual daily average concentration of total suspended（懸浮的）particulates. In China, those are considered to be particulates that are 100 micrometers or less in diameter, sent out from sources including power stations, construction sites and vehicles. Among them, PM2.5 is of especially great health concern because it can go deep into the lungs.
The researchers estimated the impact on life expectancies using death data from 1991-2000．
They found that in the north, the concentration of particulates was 184 micrograms per cubic meter一or 55 percent higher than in the south, and life expectancies were 5.5 years lower on average across all age ranges.
62. The main idea of this passage is that＿?
A.research in China finds air pollution shortened life expectancy
B.the government provided free coal for heating in North China
C.coal burning causes bad air quality across China
D.a new study finds different particulates in South China
63．According to Greenstone,＿greatly contributed to the high pollution concentrations in North China.
A. power stations B. construction sites
C. the free heating policy D. gases from vehicles
64．It is implied in the passage that＿?
A. coal is no longer used for heating in North China
B ．air quality was comparatively better in South China
C. southerners burned coals for heating in the 1980s
D ．people preferred to live in South China after 1980
65．The underlined word "particulates" most probably means＿．
A. dirty clouds B. particular smoke
C. harmful dust D. dangerous bacteria
D
These young m,_ enn were a different kind of prisoner from those we had seen before. They were brave, hostile（懷敵意的）and＿1__ they would not take orders, and shouted
"Amandla！”at every opportunity. Their instinct was to confront（對抗）rather than cooperate.
The authorities② did not know how to handle them, and they turned the island upside down.
During the Rivonia Trial, I remarked to a security policeman that if the government did not reform itself, the freedom fighters who would take our place③would some-day make the authorities miss us. That day had indeed come on Robben Island.
In these young men we saw the angry revolutionary spirit of the times. I had had some warning. On a visit with Winnie a few months before, she had managed to tell me through our coded conversation that there was a rising class of discontented youths④ who were violent and Africanist in beliefs. She said they were changing the nature of the struggle and that I should be aware of them.
The new prisoners were shocked by what they considered the inhuman conditions of the island, and said that they could not understand how we could live in such a way. We told them that they should have seen the island in 1964. But hey were almost as sceptical of us as they were of the authorities. They chose to ignore our calls for discipline and thought our advice weak and unassertive（不果斷）．
It was obvious that they regarded us, the Rivonia Trialists⑤，as moderates⑥（溫和派）．
After so many years of being branded a radical（激進的）revolutionary, to be seen as a moderate was a novel and not altogether pleasant feeling. I knew that I could react in one of two ways：I could scold them for their disrespect or I could listen to what they were saying. I chose the latter.
'When some of these men, such as Strini Moodley of the South African Students'Organization and Saths Cooper of the Black People's Convention, came into our section, I__2____Shortly after their arrival on the island, the commanding officer came and asked me as a favour to address the young men. He wanted me to tell them to behave themselves, to recognize the fact that they were in prison and to accept the discipline of prison life．I told him that I was not prepared to do that. Under the circumstances, they would have regarded me as a follower of the authorities.(-adapted from "Long walk to freedom: The autobiography of Nelson Mandela')
66．Which of the following words fits best in Blank 1？
A. mild B．aggressive C. friendly D. optimistic
67.We may infer from the passage all of the following EXCEPT that＿
A. an angry massive revolution was probably on its way
B ．the author's activities were strictly monitored
C ．many were concerned about the influence these young men could make
D. these young men were willing to cooperate in face of difficulties
68. Sentences are missing in Blank 2 regarding the author's following reactions. Which of the following reactions do you think he would have?
A. "I" asked them to tell us about their movement and beliefs.
B．"I" reported to the officers about their dissatisfaction.
C. "I" tried to calm them down and talked them into behaving.
D. "I" just turned a deaf ear to the young men.
69. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Conditions of the prison were far more unsatisfactory in 1964.
B ．Officers of the prison turned the island upside down to discipline the young men.
C. The Rivonia Trialists felt honored to be regarded as moderates.
D. The young men regarded the author as a follower of the authorities.
70. Several phrases have been underlined and numbered in the passage; which two of them actually refer to the same people?
A.①② B.③④ C.⑤③ D.⑥①
