評(píng)論
打印
Thus the same illustrator might accompany a positive statement one moment and a negative one the next. This is not the case with emblems, which have the same precise meaning on all occasions for all members of a group, class, culture or subculture.
因此，同一個(gè)說(shuō)明性動(dòng)作可能在此時(shí)伴隨著一句肯定的話出現(xiàn)，在彼時(shí)卻伴隨一句否定的話出現(xiàn)。而在象征性動(dòng)作中，情況就不同了。象征性動(dòng)作在所有場(chǎng)合對(duì)于某個(gè)群體、某個(gè)階級(jí)、某種文化或亞文化群都表達(dá)同樣的含義。
Emblems are used consciously. The user knows what they mean, unless, of course, he uses them inadvertently. When Nelson Rockefeller raised his middle finger to a heckler, he knew exactly what the gesture meant, and he believed that the person he was communicating with knew as well.
人們有意識(shí)地使用象征性動(dòng)作。當(dāng)然，除非出現(xiàn)輕率亂用的情況，動(dòng)作使用者知道它們的含義。當(dāng)納爾遜·洛克菲勒向一位詰問(wèn)者豎起中指時(shí)，他完全清楚這個(gè)手勢(shì)的含義，他也相信和他交流的這個(gè)人也同樣明白。
The three of us are working on a dictionary of emblems. ...In looking for emblems, we found that it isn't productive simply to observe people communicating with each other, because emblems are used only occasionally. And asking people to describe or identify emblems that are important in their culture is even less productive. Even when we explain the concept clearly, most people find it difficult to recognize and analyze their own communication behavior this way.
我們?nèi)苏诰帉?xiě)一部關(guān)于象征性動(dòng)作的詞典……在尋找象征性動(dòng)作的過(guò)程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，只是一味去觀察人們的互相交流溝通并沒(méi)多大作用，因?yàn)橄笳餍詣?dòng)作只是偶爾才被用到。而要求人們描述或識(shí)別其文化中重要的象征性動(dòng)作更是收效甚微。甚至當(dāng)我們清晰地解釋了這個(gè)概念時(shí)，大多數(shù)人還是覺(jué)得用這種方法認(rèn)識(shí)并分析他們自己的交際行為很困難。
Instead, we developed a research procedure that has enabled us to identify emblems in cultures as diverse as those of urban Japanese, white, middle-class Americans, the preliterate South Fore people of Papua, natives of New Guinea, Iranians, Israelis and the inhabitants of London, Madrid, Paris, Frankfurt and Rome. The procedure involves three steps.
相反，我們開(kāi)發(fā)出一種研究程序，使我們能夠識(shí)別出極具多樣性的文化中的象征性動(dòng)作：如日本的城市屆民、美國(guó)的白人中產(chǎn)階級(jí)、巴布亞島上沒(méi)有文字的南福勒人、新幾內(nèi)亞島的土著人、伊朗人、以色列人以及倫敦、馬德里、巴黎、法蘭克福和羅馬的居民。這個(gè)程序包括三個(gè)步驟。
Give a group of people from the same cultural background a series of phrases and ask if they have a gesture or facial expression for each phrase: "What time is it?" "He's a homosexual." "That's good." "Yes." And so on.
（第一步）給來(lái)自相同文化背景的一組人一系列短語(yǔ)，并詢問(wèn)他們是否有某個(gè)手勢(shì)或面部表情來(lái)表達(dá)每個(gè)短語(yǔ)，如“現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)啦”、“他是一個(gè)同性戀”、“很好”、“是”等等。
