評(píng)論
打印
Recording 1
錄音1
Teachers and students alike have experienced the curious paradox that
老師們和學(xué)生們都經(jīng)歷過(guò)同樣的奇特悖論：
beginners, as a rule, tend to think too little about what they are doing because they think too much about what they are doing.
初學(xué)者往往在自己正做的事情上思考得太少，因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)自己所做的行動(dòng)考慮得太多。
Take for example people who are learning to play basketball or the piano.
以正在學(xué)習(xí)打籃球或彈鋼琴的人為例。
They have to give so much thought and attention to the low-level mechanics of handling the ball or fingering the keys or reading the music,
他們對(duì)處理球、指法或閱讀音樂(lè)的低級(jí)技巧給予過(guò)多的思考和關(guān)注，
that they are unable to give any thought to the thing that matters – the game, or the music, respectively.
以致于他們無(wú)法對(duì)重要的事物進(jìn)行任何思考：籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)或音樂(lè)。
With experts, it’s just the other way around. They are open to the tactical possibilities and the musical challenges
從專(zhuān)業(yè)人士方面來(lái)說(shuō)，情況恰恰相反。他們之所以對(duì)戰(zhàn)術(shù)可能性和音樂(lè)挑戰(zhàn)持開(kāi)放態(tài)度，
precisely because they are freed, through skill, from the need to pay attention to the low-level details of how to play.
正是因?yàn)樗麄兺ㄟ^(guò)技巧擺脫了對(duì)演奏技術(shù)等低級(jí)細(xì)節(jié)關(guān)注的必要。
Indeed, when the expert pays attention to the mechanics, this is liable to disrupt performance.
確實(shí)，當(dāng)專(zhuān)家關(guān)注原理時(shí)，這很容易影響表現(xiàn)。
This has led some to say that the expert operates in a zone ‘beyond thought’, in a state of flow.
這導(dǎo)致一些人說(shuō)，專(zhuān)業(yè)人士在流暢狀態(tài)下的“思考”區(qū)域之外行動(dòng)。
But this is misleading. Expert performance is not beyond thought.
但這是有誤導(dǎo)性的。專(zhuān)業(yè)的表現(xiàn)并未超越想法。
Smart basketball players or skilled musicians need to pay close attention to the demands of high performance, to the challenges to be overcome.
聰明的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員或熟練的音樂(lè)家需要密切關(guān)注良好表現(xiàn)的要求以及需要克服的挑戰(zhàn)。
What they don’t need to do – what would be a distraction – is to have to think about where their fingers are, or how to control the ball while running.
他們不需要做的事情（可能會(huì)分散注意力的事情）是，考慮他們的手指在哪里，或者在跑步時(shí)如何控球。
It’s not mechanics, but the play itself, that absorbs the experts’ intelligence.
是行動(dòng)本身、而不是原理在占據(jù)著專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的思想。
A nice video published online last month sheds light on expertise and the conscious mind.
上個(gè)月發(fā)布的一條不錯(cuò)的在線視頻闡述了專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)和意識(shí)。
The video reports a new study using an eye-tracking device.
視頻報(bào)告了使用眼睛追蹤設(shè)備進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)新研究。
It turns out that the less-skilled pianist spends more time looking at her fingers than does the expert who,
事實(shí)證明，與專(zhuān)業(yè)的鋼琴師相比，熟練程度較低的人士花更多的時(shí)間盯著手指。
in contrast, is more likely to be looking at the sheet music, or looking ahead at keys he’s not yet playing.
相反，專(zhuān)業(yè)鋼琴師更傾向看樂(lè)譜，或者提前看他尚未彈碰的琴鍵。
In general, the expert’s gaze was calmer and more stable.
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，專(zhuān)業(yè)人士的目光更加平和和穩(wěn)定。
This is not a surprising finding. It supports what we might almost think of as conventional wisdom.
這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)不足為奇。它為我們幾乎可以認(rèn)為是傳統(tǒng)智慧的東西提供了支持。
But it’s remarkable for all that, nonetheless.
但盡管如此，這還是非常了不起的。
The eye tracker gives expert and learning performers a glimpse into what they do without thinking about it.
眼睛追蹤設(shè)備揭示了專(zhuān)業(yè)級(jí)和學(xué)習(xí)型演奏者在做哪些事情時(shí)不必思考。
The topic of the nature of skill – and the differences between beginners and experts – has been one of considerable discussion in cognitive science and philosophy.
技能的本質(zhì)以及初學(xué)者和專(zhuān)業(yè)人士之間的差異這一話題一直是認(rèn)知科學(xué)和哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域的有大量討論的話題之一。
16.What does the speaker say about beginners and expert pianists?
16.敘述者在初學(xué)者和專(zhuān)業(yè)鋼琴師方面怎么說(shuō)？
17. What do smart basketball players do according to the speaker?
17.按照敘述者的說(shuō)法，聰明的籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員怎么做？
18. What do we learn about the new study published in an online video?
18.我們對(duì)在線視頻中發(fā)布的這項(xiàng)新研究有何了解？
