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adj. 令人氣餒的 動詞discourage的現在分詞
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Passage 3
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (認知學派的）researchers’ who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of
small monetary (金錢的）rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children,suggesting that properly
presented inducements (刺激）indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity. ” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. ” A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students,Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point,he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades the use of so-called token economies，in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards shows promise in raising effort and creativity> the Delaware psychologist claims.
It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe.
A. rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B. punishment is more effective than rewarding
C. failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D. discouraging the students’ anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
| 重點單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| discouraging | [dis'kʌridʒiŋ] |
想一想再看 |
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| inventiveness |
想一想再看 n. 創造性；發明的才能 |
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| monetary | ['mʌnə.teri] |
想一想再看 adj. 貨幣的，金融的 |
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| restore | [ri'stɔ:] |
想一想再看 vt. 恢復，修復，使復原 |
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| achievement | [ə'tʃi:vmənt] |
想一想再看 n. 成就，成績，完成，達到 |
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| approval | [ə'pru:vəl] |
想一想再看 n. 批準，認可，同意，贊同 |
聯想記憶 | |
| urgency | ['ə:dʒənsi] |
想一想再看 n. 緊急(的事) |
聯想記憶 | |
| anticipation | [æn.tisi'peiʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 預期，預料 |
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| dependence | [di'pendəns] |
想一想再看 n. 依賴，信賴，上癮 |
聯想記憶 | |
| external | [ik'stə:nl] |
想一想再看 adj. 外部的，外面的，外來的，表面的 |
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