短語部分沒有獨立主語，則短語結構稱為非謂語動詞。
　　非謂語動詞的結構：分詞(分詞短語)
　　句子的主語決定非謂語動詞中的分詞是用主動還是被動形式。如果是句子的主語發出動作，則使用現在分詞;如果動作不是由句子的主語發出，則使用過去分詞。
　　1.No matter how frequently _A_， the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
　　A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
　　perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏;
　　to be performed 將要被演奏; being performed 正在被演奏;
　　一些特殊的動詞：
　　第一點：forget 忘記; [反義] remember 記得;
　　這兩個詞后加動詞不定式表示將要進行的行為;這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式表示已經做過的事情。
　　注意：動名詞與現在分詞形式一樣，但含義不同。這兩個詞后加動詞ing形式都是動名詞。
　　forget to do sth. 忘記要去做某事; forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事;
　　remember to do sth. 記得要去做某事; remember doing sth. 記得做過某事;
　　2. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
　　A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him
　　offer vt. 提出，提供; offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth.
　　him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正確。
動名詞的復合結構：凡是一個動詞的后面可以加動名詞，就可以加動名詞的復合結構。
　　動作發出者 + 動名詞;當動作發出者名字給出時：名詞所有格 + 動名詞;當動名詞的復合結構在文章中出現，且動作發出者在前文中提過時：形容詞物主代詞(賓格)+ 動名詞。
　　形容詞物主代詞：his， her， my， your， their， our。代詞賓格：him， her， me， you， us， them。
　　第二點：want 想要; want to do sth. 想做某事; want doing 客觀需要或缺乏。
　　例. Your hair wants _B_. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
　　A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut
1. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.
　　A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected
　　watch 看電視用，看比賽用; see 看電影用;
　　感官動詞watch， see， hear; 感官動詞 + 名詞(代詞)+ do
　　be erected 強調的是動作的結果; being erected 強調的是動作的過程。
　　2. The engine _D_ smoke and steam.
　　A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off
　　give up 放棄; give in 屈服，讓步; give off 釋放，放出(煙和氣體);
　　give away 泄露，走漏風聲;婚禮中新郎的父親把新娘的手交給新郎的過程;贈送禮品。
　　3. The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.
　　A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing
　　keep sb. + 分詞; inform v. 通知，告知; inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某件事情
　　keep me informed 使我被告知。
　　4. The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
　　A after which B for which C with which D at which
　　fight with sb. (注意要看整個句子); fight with + 工具 用該工具來打仗。 fight for 為…而戰。
　　I fight with him. 我和他打起來了。 I fight with him against her. 我和他并肩對付她。
5. They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
　　A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward
　　in spite of 盡管; carry on 堅持，繼續。
　　注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被動含義。
　　例. This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.
　　A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned
　　第三點：mean 意味; mean to do sth. 打算做某事，意欲… ;mean doing 意味著，…的意思是…
　　例. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble. [reception desk 接待臺]
　　A making B to make C to have made D having made