評(píng)論
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語(yǔ)篇意義
一篇內(nèi)容充實(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)合理，行文流暢的短文所依賴的不只是詞匯和語(yǔ)法，更多的是篇章技巧。借助于篇章技巧成文，在復(fù)現(xiàn)作者的語(yǔ)言時(shí)同樣可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空畢竟不同于單項(xiàng)選擇，作為一個(gè)意思連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)完整的語(yǔ)篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解題中至關(guān)重要的手段。
1. 運(yùn)用詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)技巧
復(fù)現(xiàn)有原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、概括詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。完形填空中，可以利用上下文的復(fù)現(xiàn)信息，確定正確的表達(dá)方式。
2. 運(yùn)用詞匯同現(xiàn)技巧
同現(xiàn)指意義上相互聯(lián)系的單詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一語(yǔ)篇當(dāng)中。一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇，一個(gè)話題，要求與之相連的詞匯。由于單詞意義的差別、所使用的語(yǔ)域不同，因此所適應(yīng)的上下文也各有別。
3. 邏輯關(guān)系
一個(gè)完整的語(yǔ)篇應(yīng)該是符合邏輯的，文章邏輯關(guān)系的取得主要靠轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)的使用。正確使用轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)，是保證文章連貫和諧，保證文章邏輯的有效手段。在做完形填空時(shí)通過(guò)對(duì)上下文的理解，找到適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬯P(guān)系，然后選擇正確的轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)。因此有必要掌握各種轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)的用法。
完形填空的目的不是閱讀，而是根據(jù)閱讀掌握的信息恢復(fù)作者寫(xiě)作的原貌。從轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)上來(lái)說(shuō)，要根據(jù)文章的語(yǔ)意發(fā)展和邏輯關(guān)系，確定適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)。
轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)與連詞不同。連詞一般是句子層面上的東西，要求理解的是一句中主從句之間的語(yǔ)意聯(lián)系，而轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)要求考生掌握的是語(yǔ)篇層面上的東西，需根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇上下文的邏輯關(guān)系才能確定適當(dāng)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式。因此，在轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)的選擇上，要仔細(xì)閱讀文章的上下文內(nèi)容，從整體上去把握。
4. 根據(jù)文章的類(lèi)型結(jié)構(gòu)解答完形填空
四六級(jí)完形填空多以說(shuō)明文和議論文為主，說(shuō)明文，議論文一般采用分類(lèi)、比較對(duì)照、因果、例證等方式謀篇。正確把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任務(wù)是在正確理解短文的基礎(chǔ)上再現(xiàn)作者的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式。為此，應(yīng)注意加強(qiáng)文章謀篇布局的分析。
總之，要做好完形填空，必須對(duì)篇章充分理解，不應(yīng)當(dāng)只看到所填的詞在短語(yǔ)或句子內(nèi)是否可行，還要從上下文考慮，使所選答案既要符合語(yǔ)法，又要符合意義邏輯，還要做到詞與詞搭配得當(dāng)。
5. 試題分析
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
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A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—all these were important 1 in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution.2 they were not enough. Something 3 was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men— 4 individuals who could invent machines, find new 5 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who 6 the machines of the Industrial Revolution 7 from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were 8 inventors than scientists. A man who is a 9 scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 10 . He is not necessarily working 11 that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is 12 trying to make something that had a concrete 13 . He may try to solve a problem by using the theories 14 science or by experimenting though trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a 15 result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of 16 other objectives. Most of the people who 17 the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors nor trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had 18 or no training in science night not have made their inventions 19 a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years 20 . |
1. A) cases B) reasons C) factors D) situations 2. A) But B) And C) Besides D) Even 3. A) else B)near C)extra D) similar 4.A)generating B)effective C) motivating D) creative 5. A) origins B) sources C) bases D) discoveries 6.A) employed B) created C) operated D) controlled 7.A) came B) arrived C) stemmed D) appeared 8.A) less C)more B)better D)worse 9.A)genuine C)pure B)practical D)clever 10.A)happily C)reluctantly B)occasionally D)accurately 11.A)now C)all B)and D)so 12.A)seldom C)usually B)sometimes D)never 13.A)plan C)idea B)use D)means 14.A)of C) to B)with D)as 15.A)single C) specialized B)sole D)specific 16.A)few C)many B)those D)all 17.A)proposed C)supplied B)developed D)offered 18.A)little C)some B)much D)any 19.A)as C)because B)if D) while 20.A)ago C)ahead B)past D)before |
這是1995年6月四級(jí)考試的真題。這是一篇200字左右的短文，學(xué)生們?cè)诳赐晡恼潞螅瑧?yīng)知道大概內(nèi)容，即發(fā)明家和從事應(yīng)用科學(xué)研究的人在早年英國(guó)工業(yè)革命中所起的作用。是人發(fā)明了機(jī)器。有關(guān)"機(jī)器發(fā)明"的概念貫穿整篇文章，第一段中的 "__4__ men who could invent machines" 第二段中的" the men who ___6___the machines of Industrial Revolution…" 和" many of them were ___8__ inventors than scientists" 最后一段的"Most of the people who __17__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors"。這些概念的重復(fù)在文章中起著紐帶的作用，把整篇文章連接起來(lái)。考試若能讀出這些，答案則自明。
