干擾選項(xiàng)常見特征

　　顧名思義，干擾項(xiàng)的目的就是擾亂考生思維，將思路引入歧途。細(xì)節(jié)題中的干擾項(xiàng)較容易排除，只要發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)有一處缺乏原文事實(shí)的支持就可以排除。推理類題目和主旨類題目的干擾項(xiàng)迷惑性更強(qiáng)一些。

　　一些選項(xiàng)可以根據(jù)主題直接排除，如說法絕對(duì)的，違反客觀事實(shí)/常識(shí)的。

　　邏輯思路要清晰！邏輯判斷小練習(xí)

　　If Sarah were a concert pianist for a major orchestra, she would be famous. She is not a concert pianist since she is not famous.

　　The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider that

　　(A) Sarah could be a famous actress.

　　(B) Sarah could be a violinist for a major orchestra.

　　(C) Sarah could be a pianist with a rock group.

　　(D) Sarah could be a concert pianist with a minor orchestra.

　　邏輯指代、范圍、特征等等都可能被用來做文章。要特別小心對(duì)待。

　　1.細(xì)節(jié)類題目

　　(1)無中生有：憑空捏造原文不存在的細(xì)節(jié)，以迷惑和干擾考生，制造的假象讓考生懷疑自己是否漏讀了原文的相關(guān)信息。破解方法仍然是準(zhǔn)確定位。有的是故意偏離主旨(通過通讀的句子概括出的大意就可以排除)

　　(2)常識(shí)錯(cuò)位：干擾項(xiàng)是一些基本常識(shí)和我們對(duì)社會(huì)、生活等方面一些問題的一般看法和認(rèn)識(shí)，雖然符合客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)，但并非文章所提及的或側(cè)重的。

　　此類干擾項(xiàng)很容易導(dǎo)致粗心錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)的說法符合我們的一般認(rèn)識(shí)，使得干擾項(xiàng)先入為主，誤導(dǎo)了判斷，忽略了要從原文驗(yàn)證。

　　！！！謹(jǐn)防喧賓奪主，越俎代庖！！！

　　癥狀將一些常識(shí)帶入思考，放松、甚至忘記了一切答案要以原文為依據(jù)。

　　特別提示：留意不需看原文就能自圓其說的選項(xiàng)，這些選項(xiàng)通常為高度疑似錯(cuò)誤答案，需要提高警惕。

　　(3) 偷梁換柱：

　　這是細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)最常見的方法，是大多數(shù)同學(xué)由于粗心失分的地方。干擾項(xiàng)利用了原文的一部分結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，但在一些位置換掉個(gè)別詞，造成了語義的變化。

　　特別提示：要留意選項(xiàng)各個(gè)句子成分是否與原文表述的意義一致。地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間，方式，程度 (副詞)，性質(zhì) (如形容詞)，甚至是主語和謂語都可能被偷換掉。

　　根本解決方法是細(xì)心求證選中的答案是否經(jīng)得起原文的考驗(yàn)。這就要求我們?cè)诤藢?duì)選項(xiàng)時(shí)需要把所有意群跟原文相應(yīng)意群逐一進(jìn)行對(duì)比，只要有偷換意群的，就是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

　　用數(shù)學(xué)方法來描述就是正負(fù)得負(fù)。

　　細(xì)節(jié)題不要跟著感覺走！

　　不能只憑一個(gè)單詞的印象就選擇答案！

　　必須去原文核實(shí)選項(xiàng)的每一個(gè)成分！

　　Example 1：

　　Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (從業(yè)者).

　　"With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

　　The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (頭盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

　　Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. ......

　　37. Richard Satava has visions of_____.

　　A) using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas

　　B) wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield 【細(xì)節(jié)陷阱: 方式、地點(diǎn)】

　　C) wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons

　　D) setting up mobile surgical units overseas

　　提示：根據(jù)問題信息，判斷原文相關(guān)信息的位置。要善于利用各種舉例、指代關(guān)系。

　　Example 2:

　　Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when heir students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.

　　22. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to ________.

　　A) apologize promptly for your subordinates' mistakes

　　B) be skillful in accepting blames from customers

　　C) make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessary

　　D) create a strong sense of company loyalty

　　啟示：切勿斷章取義！抓住原文關(guān)鍵、挖掘要準(zhǔn)確！解析原文要準(zhǔn)確，選項(xiàng)里每一個(gè)意群都要對(duì)照原文，核對(duì)是否有出入。

　　(4)推理題和細(xì)節(jié)題里的推理類選項(xiàng)

　　夸大后果：對(duì)于原文中的細(xì)節(jié)或論斷的某方面程度(比如后果)進(jìn)行了夸大處理。

　　如：某文章可能提到Anxietyàmental stress的因果關(guān)系，但干擾項(xiàng)可能出現(xiàn)Anxiousàmental disorder。

　　2.主旨類題目：

　　主旨?xì)w納題

　　(1)以偏概全：在概括文章或段落大意時(shí)，用某一個(gè)段落的觀點(diǎn)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文主要觀點(diǎn)、中心思想的選項(xiàng)。也就是歸納概括的范圍不足。

　　(2)主題擴(kuò)大：歸納概括的范圍過大，超過了文章討論東西，與主旨大意是包含關(guān)系。

　　3.態(tài)度語氣題：

　　干擾選項(xiàng)通常說法片面或偏激。六級(jí)閱讀所選文章通常是理性的說明和論證，具有較強(qiáng)邏輯性，作者對(duì)于所討論專題的態(tài)度不會(huì)是極其偏激的。如目前只作為干擾項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)過的有arbitrary(武斷的)，subjective(主觀的)，prejudiced(有偏見的), indifferent等。而成為正確選項(xiàng)的最安全選項(xiàng)是concerned。這類題目抓住基本特征，是屬于必得的分?jǐn)?shù)。