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Food prices around the world increased when Russia invaded Ukraine last year partly because Ukraine is a big grain exporter.
去年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭時，世界各地的食品價格上漲，部分原因是烏克蘭是一個糧食出口大國。
Ukrainian farmers left their fields to either fight in the war or go to safer places.
烏克蘭農民離開他們的田地，要么參戰(zhàn)，要么去更安全的地方。
In many places, food production stopped.
在許多地方，糧食生產停止了。
Before the war, Ukraine was the fourth-largest corn exporter and fifth largest wheat exporter.
戰(zhàn)前，烏克蘭是全球第四大玉米出口國和第五大小麥出口國。
Much of the grain went to poor countries in Africa and the Middle East.
大部分糧食都運往非洲和中東的貧窮國家。
But grain production will take years to get back to normal once the war ends.
但一旦戰(zhàn)爭結束，糧食生產將需要數(shù)年時間才能恢復正常。
Experts say it might take decades.
專家表示，這可能需要幾十年的時間。
More than 20 experts told the Reuters news agency that it would take years to fix the damage to the place once called "Europe's breadbasket."
20多名專家告訴路透社，這個曾經被稱為“歐洲糧倉”的地方需要數(shù)年時間才能修復損失。
Andrii Povod is one of the Ukrainian farmers who stopped working when the war started.
安德烈·波沃德是戰(zhàn)爭開始時停止工作的烏克蘭農民之一。
When the army recaptured Kherson in November, he returned to his land.
當軍隊在11月重新奪回赫爾松州時，他回到了自己的土地上。
He found everything in ruins.
他發(fā)現(xiàn)一切都變成了廢墟。
Two tractors were gone.
兩輛拖拉機不見了。
Most of the wheat was missing.
大部分小麥都不見了。
All 11 buildings used to store crops and machinery were destroyed.
用于儲存農作物和機器的11座建筑物全部都被毀。
"For our region, it's a very big problem. This good soil, we cannot reproduce it," he said.
他說：“對我們這個地區(qū)來說，這是一個非常大的問題。我們無法再造這么肥沃的土壤”。
Scientists who study soil and agriculture in Ukraine have said at least 10.5 million hectares of farmland has been damaged by the war.
研究烏克蘭土壤和農業(yè)的科學家表示，至少有1050萬公頃的農田在戰(zhàn)爭中被破壞。
That is 25 percent of Ukraine's farmland.
這相當于烏克蘭農田總面積的25%。
Tanks rolling over the land have compressed the soil, the scientists said.
科學家表示，坦克在地面上滾動，壓縮了土壤。
Shelling has hurt the small organisms that enrich the soil.
炮擊傷害了肥沃土壤的小微生物。
And mining, digging and explosions might have destroyed some farmland completely.
埋雷、挖掘和爆炸可能會徹底摧毀一些農田。
Sviatoslav Baliuk is the head of the Ukrainian Soil Institute.
斯維亞托斯拉夫·巴利克是烏克蘭土壤研究所的負責人。
He said the war could reduce Ukraine's production by 10 to 20 million tons.
他表示，戰(zhàn)爭可能會使烏克蘭的糧食產量減少1000萬噸到2000萬噸。
Ukraine's agriculture ministry chose not to comment to Reuters about long-term soil damage and harm to the farming.
烏克蘭農業(yè)部沒有就長期的土壤破壞和對農業(yè)造成的損害向路透社發(fā)表評論。
Beyond the fields and soil, Povod and many other farmers lost equipment and storage buildings that will be costly to replace.
除了田地和土壤，波沃德和其他許多農民還失去了設備和倉庫，而更換這些設備和倉庫的成本將很高。
Andriy Vadaturskyi is the head one of Ukraine's largest grain producers.
安德烈·瓦達圖爾斯基是烏克蘭最大的谷物生產商之一的負責人。
He said farmers need financial help.
他說，農民需要財政援助。
Today, he noted, there is a problem of high prices, but there is food ready to ship out of Ukraine's ports on the Black Sea.
他指出，目前存在食品價格高企的問題，但烏克蘭在黑海港口有隨時可以運出的食品。
He said in one year, the situation could be much worse.
他說，一年后，情況可能會更糟。
There could be "a shortage of food."
可能會出現(xiàn)“食物短缺”。
A working group of scientists created by the Ukrainian government estimated it would take $15 billion to remove the mines and make the soil healthy again.
烏克蘭政府成立的一個科學家工作組估計，清除地雷并使土壤恢復健康需要150億美元。
Baliuk said it could be done in three years or in 200 years depending on how badly the soil is damaged.
巴利克說，根據(jù)土壤破壞的嚴重程度，這可能在三年內完成，也可能在200年內完成。
Joseph Hupy studies soil and land at Purdue University in the U.S. state of Indiana.
約瑟夫·胡皮在美國印第安納州普渡大學研究土壤和土地。
He has written about the effects of war on farmland.
他曾寫過有關戰(zhàn)爭對農田的影響的文章。
He told Reuters that some land in Ukraine might have been changed so much from explosions that it cannot be farmed again.
他告訴路透社，烏克蘭的一些土地可能因為爆炸而發(fā)生了巨大變化，以致于無法再耕種。
Naomi Rintoul-Hynes studies soil at Canterbury Christ Church University in Britain.
娜奧米·林圖爾·海因斯在英國坎特伯雷大學研究土壤。
She said that the lead from ammunition can contaminate the soil so much that plants grown there can be harmful for humans.
她說，彈藥中的鉛會嚴重污染土壤，以致于在那里生長的植物可能會對人類有害。
The problems do not end with the soil, mines and other land damage.
這些問題不僅限于土壤、礦山和其他土地破壞。
The war destroyed roads and railways that get crops to market.
戰(zhàn)爭摧毀了將農作物運往市場的公路和鐵路。
The Kyiv School of Economics said in October that it might cost more than $35 billion to rebuild roads and other transportation lines.
基輔經濟學院在10月份表示，重建道路和其他交通線路可能需要超過350億美元。
Caitlin Welsh studies food security at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C.
凱特琳·威爾士在華盛頓特區(qū)的戰(zhàn)略與國際問題研究中心研究糧食安全問題。
She said people think once the war is over, food production will restart.
她說，人們認為一旦戰(zhàn)爭結束，糧食生產就會重新開始。
"With Ukraine, just repairing the infrastructure is going to take a really long time," Welsh said.
威爾士說：“在烏克蘭，光是修復基礎設施就需要很長時間”。
In addition, some of the farmers are running out of money.
此外，一些農民的錢快花光了。
Dmitry Skornyakov, leads HarvEast, a Ukrainian farming company.
德米特里·斯科爾尼亞科夫是烏克蘭農業(yè)公司HarvEast的負責人。
He said farmers have enough money right now, because they had a good year just before the war started.
他說，農民現(xiàn)在有足夠的錢，因為他們在戰(zhàn)爭開始的前一年收成很好。
However, he said, half the farmers will have serious financial problems if the war goes into 2024.
然而，他說，如果戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)到2024年，一半的農民將會面臨嚴重的經濟問題。
"The future," he said, "is from grey to dark at the moment."
“未來，”他說，“目前是從灰色走向黑暗。”
I'm Dan Friedell. And I'm Caty Weaver.
丹·弗里德爾、凱蒂·韋弗為您共同播報。
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