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GRE閱讀題型的舉例分析

編輯:mike ?  可可英語APP下載 |  可可官方微信:ikekenet

在GRE的閱讀題中,大體上分成主旨題和細節題兩大類。上一篇文章,主要針對主旨題進行了分析,這里,就主要介紹一下在GRE閱讀中,另一種比較重要的題型——細節題。
  細節題是一個比較泛泛的概念,如果細分,可以分成很多類,如給定行數題、寫作用意題、強對比互取非題、改進性取非題、Except/Not題、邏輯題、題、類比題等等。為什么這里把這些不同類型的題歸在一起?雖然,這些題的類型不同,但是它們都有一個共同的特性,就是在解答這類題時,都需要在原文進行有效的定位。所以,如何有效地在原文中進行定位并在讀文章時對重要信息做標記,成為眾多考生所不能忽視的地方。定位對解答GRE閱讀中的細節題起著非常重要的作用。因為GRE閱讀的做題方法通常是讀原文→讀題干→回原文定位這樣一個順序,所以,定位是在讀完題干后,根據題干的特點,結合第一遍讀原文的重點和所做的標記來確定所考內容的位置。正確有效的定位是快速做題和準確程度的關鍵因素。
  下面就針對不同的細節題進行分析:
  1. 給定行數題
  給定行數,顧名思義,就是在題目中已經明確的給出了所考查內容的行數,題目中所涉及的內容也是有關給定行數所述內容的作用或者相關內容。這就需要考生在做這類題時,根據題目中所提示的行數,回到原文中去定位。但是有一點需要注意,像這類明確地給出行數地題,通常情況,答案都不在所給定地行數處,也不是給定行數內容地直接改寫,因為出題者不會直接告訴你答案在哪,所以,在做這類題時,除了要根據它所提示的信息,還要結合所給行數的上下文的情況再做選擇。
  2. 寫作用意題
  這類題是針對文章某些內容的作用進行的提問,也就是題干中問到的這個具體事物在文章中出現時作者的用意是什么?所有的GRE文章都是議論文,作者提到具體的事物大體上有幾種關系:支持、證明、解釋或反對某觀點,也就是說具體的事物總是和觀點發生聯系的。通常情況,給定行數題和寫作用意題是混合出現的。
  下面我們看一個例子:
  In the early 1950's, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. ……
  One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. ……
  ……
  The author mentions Le Roy Ladurie (Line 30)in order to _____
  (A) give an example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court records
  (B) cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the non-elite
  (C) identify the author of the quotation cited in the previous sentence
  (D) gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records
  (E) point out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the non-elite
  分析:
  這道題就屬于典型的寫作用意型, 同時又給出了指定的行數。Le Roy Ladurie 出現在文章的第二段,題目中已經明確給出行數(Line 30), 這樣,通過這個信息,我們可以迅速的回到原文找到相關信息。Le Roy Ladurie很明顯是作者舉的一個例子,但是舉這個例子的作用是什么?這個問題就要結合這段的內容去分析,這段的開頭說“One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts”,根據這句話我們可以知道,Le Roy Ladurie的出現應該是研究法庭記錄的一個例子。所以,這道題正確選項是A. 當然,選項如果寫成 illustrate that these documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor” 也是可以的。
  需要注意的是,像這類寫作用意題,它的答案選項第一個主動詞并不具有判別意義,不管是illustrate, 還是give an example, 還是verify,還是別的類似的詞匯,都是平等同義詞,不需要過多的關注。
  小結:
  上面是對細節題中兩種比較重要的題型進行的分析,通過分析,我們知道,給定行數題和寫作用意題通常是混在一起出現的。答案一定不要盲目地停留在所給定地行數處,考生一定要聯系上下文的內容去分析答案。
  強對比取非題
  這類題的主要特點是,原文中有強對比的雙方,題干只問及其中的一方,但是原文沒有給出關于這方的敘述,而說了這方的強對比另一方的特征,所以答案卻是對另一方敘述的取非。強對比關系層次比較多,例如,處于不同時間、歷史時期、年代的事物通常其特點呈強對比;處于相對的地域、空間的事物通常其特點呈強對比;新事物、新觀點和舊事物、傳統觀點呈強對比;用最高級、唯一性限定的事物和其余所有同類事物的特征呈強對比等。針對這類題目,在第一篇讀文章的時候及時敏銳地發現它們并在文中做好標記,為解題時回到文中定位做好充分地準備。這些強對比出現地地方,通常會伴隨著一些表示這類強對比關系的標志性詞語,如unlike, in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, new, current, once, until recently, only, unique, never……
  根據強對比層次的不同,大體上將其分為:簡單明示強對比、時間壯語強對比和優缺點強對比。下面就此進行具體分析:
  1. 簡單明示強對比
  這類強對比屬于普通的強對比,如文中說“A, unlike B; “C, in contrast to D, is…”等,這些都是明示強對比。下面我們用一個例子來具體說明:
  Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them……
  The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to_____
  (A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
  (B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses
  (C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
  (D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
  (E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
  分析:
  在原文中,并沒有提到大企業投標失敗會如何,但是文中提到了小企業的情況,標志性的詞語是unlike large businesses, 這就表明文中進行了強對比,通過這句話,“since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them”,我們知道,小企業將會有財政和士氣上的風險。根據這樣的對比關系,大企業的情況應該與小企業的情況相反,所以,正確答案應該是A. 即“大企業會有一些波折,但是沒有致命的財政影響”。
  2. 時間壯語強對比
  題干中問A時間有什么特征,原文中沒有明說,但給了A的強對比時間B的特征,將B的特點取非,即是A的特征。通常情況下,在一篇文章開始,或者一個理論剛剛提出的時候,如果出現了時間壯語,則是出題率很高的一處語言點。如,now, new, nowadays, current ideas…和過去形成強對比;once, until recently, past…和現在形成強對比。如果給出一個不早不晚的明確時間,如in 1960's,那么和它之前、之后比較都有可能。
  下面以舉一個具體事例:
  In the early 1950's, historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. ……
  One way out of this dilemma was to run to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social group (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. ……
  The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series or categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. ……
  The author suggests that, before the early 1950's, most historians who studied pre-industrial Europe did which of the following?
  (A) failed to make distinctions among members of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
  (B) used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature
  (C) inaccurately estimated the influence of the pre-industrial European political and social elite
  (D) confined their work to a narrow range of the pre-industrial European population
  (E) tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage and death records
  分析:
  這篇文章在開頭段就提到“50年代早期,研究歐洲前工業時期歷史的學者第一次開始大規模地研究人口總數97%的普通人民群眾”。題目中所問的是在50年代之前的情況,這正與50年代的情況形成了強對比。所以,正確答案應該是與50年代的情況相反的信息,在50年代,就有了將近97%的普通人民群眾,說明這是一個很大的比率,將近100%。那么,在50年代之前,可以肯定的是沒有50年代進步,所以,人數一定比50年代要少,可能是很少的以部分。這樣,通過這樣的強對比,我們可以確定答案A是正確的,即“50年代之前的學者將其研究局限于前工業時期歐洲人口的一小部分”。
  3. 優缺點強對比
  這類題的特點是,題干中如果問某事物、著作、人怎樣會變得更好,但是在原文中沒有給出明確的回答,而一般會有相反的內容,即:該事物、著作、人因為什么原因現在還不夠好。這樣,將其取非,就可以得到原題的答案。這里需要注意一點,有時文章細節復雜,被問到的事物缺點不止一個,那么一定要找到題干所問內容的缺點,而不要被其他的缺點亂了思路。
  下面再用一個例子取說明(仍然是上一篇文章,這里就不重負文章內容了):
  It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
  (A) the cause of unrest in the city during the two decades
  (B) the aggregate number of indictments in the city nearest to the city under investigation during the two decades
  (C) the number of people who lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation
  (D) the mental attitudes of criminals in the city, including their feedings about authority, during each of the decades under investigation
  (E) the possibilities for a member of the city's non-elite to become a member of the political and social elite during the two decades
  分析:
  題干比較長,意思是“比較兩個10年的犯罪率,得到了以下哪個信息,將會最有幫助?”,在原文中有提到,兩個10年的犯罪率經常無法進行比較,原因是總人口數的估計不準確。所以,根據這一信息,將其取非,便得出了選項C是正確的。即“要研究的兩個10年內城市人口的統計數”。
  小結:
  綜上所述,強對比取非題在GRE閱讀中出現頻率也是很高的,如果掌握了這類題的解答思路,在作答時就會迎刃而解了。

重點單詞   查看全部解釋    
quotation [kwəu'teiʃən]

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n. 引語,語錄,引用,報價,行情

 
decade ['dekeid]

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n. 十年

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unique [ju:'ni:k]

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adj. 獨一無二的,獨特的,稀罕的

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patronage ['pætrənidʒ]

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n. 贊助,光顧,任免權

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define [di'fain]

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v. 定義,解釋,限定,規定

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quantify ['kwɔntifai]

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v. 定量,表示份量,稱量,量化

 
distinguished [di'stiŋgwiʃt]

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adj. 卓著的,尊敬的 動詞distinguish的過

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fruitful ['fru:tfəl]

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adj. 多產的,富有成效的

 
population [.pɔpju'leiʃən]

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n. 人口 ,(全體)居民,人數

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aggregate ['ægrigeit,'ægrigit]

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n. 合計,總計,集合體,集料 adj. 合計的,集合的

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