作文題目:

Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

題目講解:

【翻譯】

一種具有獨特花紋的編織籃子以前只在史前村莊Palea的臨近地區發現過，因而被認為是Palea居民所獨有的。然而最近，考古學家在一個與Palea隔著一條叫做Brim河的村莊Lithos發現了一個這樣的Palea籃子。Brim河很深很寬，所以古代Palea人只能坐船穿過它，但沒有證據表明Palea人擁有船只。而且能夠運載大量人和貨物的船只直到Palea人消失幾千年后才出現。而且，Palea人應該沒有必要穿過這條河流--Palea周圍的林地有豐富的果實和小動物。這表明那種所謂的Palea籃子并不是那里所獨有的。

【分析】

這種籃子不只P有。因為與他們住的地方隔一條河的地方也被發現有這個籃子，河很深只能劃船過，但又沒有證據證明P有船，而且能裝很多人的船是在他們消失后幾千年才出現的。另外P也沒有必要過河，因為他們那邊的山上長滿了堅果草莓。 ·前提不一定成立。論者是由P沒有到過這里，得出籃子不只P有。但是論者沒有提供任何確切的資料證明這里沒有P來過的痕變，或是P的確沒有來過這里。雖然P無法過河，但論者也沒有告訴我們是否只有過河，P才能到這里 ·論者的論據沒有說服力。論者指出河很深，而P沒有船，大船的出現也在P之后。但是首先論者沒有提供關于史前時代這條河的狀況，有可能這條大河在史前時代并不存在，或是很淺。第二雖然沒有證據表明P有船，而那個時代也沒有大船，但P有可能使用一些簡便的類似船的工具過河，比如木板。這些都可以使P達到這里。至于論者說P那邊滿是食物所以沒有必要到這里就更沒有說服力了，首先史前時代P那邊是否也滿是食物論者沒有說，其次P不一定必須是為食物才到其他地方去，他可能是為玩耍或是其他什么偶然的因素。 ·論者的結論很武斷。論者認為P沒有到過這里，所以這些籃子不是P的，籃子也就不只P有。但是就算P沒有到過這里，論者也沒有提供證據證明其他人不會把P的籃子帶到這里來，比如說這里人，比如后人。結論：論斷要加強說服力還應進一步了解史前時代P人生活的狀況，并對這里的地理狀況提供更詳細的資料。

【提綱】

1. The author fails to consider the possibility that the Paleans may arrived in Lithos through other means. (I.T) ★★★★

2. The Palean basket could arrive other place through many possible methods such as trade, or boats possessed by other culture. (I.T) ★★★★

3. In Palean times, the Brim River may not be as deep and broad as it is currently. (C→P) ★★★

4. The fact that there are abundant resources currently does not indicate that those resources also existed in Palean times. (C→P) ★★★

5. Other reasons other than food shortages may well result in the migration of a culture. (I.E) ★★★