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While the pandemic has made exceptional demands of us, even before the Covid-19 lockdown, crowds have been under threat.
盡管流行病對我們提出了特殊要求，但甚至在因新冠病毒禁閉之前，人群聚集就已受到威脅。
We were becoming ever more atomised, and pushed further into our homes,
我們變得越來越分散，越來越深入自己的家園，
and crowds were becoming more domesticated, enclosed, surveilled and expensive to be a part of.
人群變得越來越喜歡家庭生活、封閉、監視，加入其中也越來越昂貴。
Our opportunities to gather freely, in both senses of the word, have greatly diminished since the 90s.
自90年代以來，我們自由聚集的機會，無論從何種意義上說，都大大減少了。
And yet, throughout human history, there has always been something pleasingly resilient about the crowd:
然而，縱觀人類歷史，人群總是有一些令人愉快的復原力：
however many new ways are found to disperse it, it will always find a way to reconvene.
無論找到多少新的方法來使人分散，人們總會找到重新集會的方法。
Crowds have always had a bad rap: there is no gentle mob, no friendly pack.
人群總是有不好的名聲：不溫和的暴徒，不友好的群組。
The same disinhibition that allows for moments of great joy can also enable grotesque crimes.
釋放壓抑，給我們帶來巨大的快樂，同樣也會讓我們犯下荒唐的罪行。
The people who gathered to watch lynchings in the US, or recent attacks on Muslims by groups of Hindu nationalists in India,
在美國，有人聚集在一起觀看私刑。最近在印度，印度教民族主義者團體襲擊了穆斯林。
were not just bystanders but participants. Their presence and acquiescence helped make the violence possible.
他們不僅是旁觀者，而且是參與者。他們的存在和默許使得暴力成為可能。
And just as the people at the back of the crowd empower those at the front, the reverse can be true.
就像后排的人給前排的人力量一樣，情況也可能正好相反。
The hooligan firm leader who throws the first cafe chair across a moonlit plaza on a balmy European away day
在一個溫暖的歐洲旅行日，一個流氓公司的領導在灑滿月光的廣場上放出了第一把咖啡椅，
makes it easier for more timid members of the crowd to cross their own "cooperation threshold" and join in.
使得人群中更膽怯的成員更容易跨越他們自己的“合作門檻”并加入進來。
Even celebratory or worshipful crowds can go wrong, and when they do, they generate an unmatched horror.
即使是歡慶或虔誠的人群也可能出亂子，當他們出亂子時，就會帶來無與倫比的慘狀。
Few things strike fear like the the idea of mass panic, few words as chilling as "caught up in a stampede" or "trampled to death".
沒有什么比集體恐慌更讓人恐懼的了，也沒有什么比“被踩踏”或“被踩踏致死”更讓人不寒而栗的了。
The horror of the 96 dead at Hillsborough in 1989, or the 21 suffocated at the 2010 Duisburg Love Parade,
1989年希爾斯堡慘案造成96人死亡，2010年杜伊斯堡愛大游行造成21人窒息，
or the 2,400 killed in a crowd collapse at the 2015 Hajj, gnaws at something deep in our psyches.
或者2015年朝圣人群倒塌導致2400人死亡的事件，這些恐懼侵蝕著我們內心深處的某些東西。
For some people, even a peaceful and orderly crowd can be scary, triggering intense anxiety or PTSD.
對一些人來說，即使是平和有序的人群也會讓人害怕，引發強烈的焦慮或創傷后應激障礙。
Informed by tragedies, uprisings and protests alike, for a long time crowds were seen as inherently dangerous and lobotomising.
在很長一段時間里，人們被悲劇、起義和抗議活動所影響，人群被認為天生就危險，需要進行腦白質切除術。
But during the past couple of decades, thanks to work by social psychologists, behavioural scientists and anthropologists,
但在過去的幾十年里，由于社會心理學家、行為科學家和人類學家的工作，
a new understanding of the complexity of crowd behaviour has become increasingly influential.
一種對群體行為復雜性的新理解已經變得越來越有影響力。
