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萬物簡史(MP3+中英字幕) 第653期:永不安分的類人猿(4)

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How they got there and why they came are questions that can't be answered. According to most anthropology texts, there's no evidence that people could even speak 60,000 years ago, much less engage in the sorts of cooperative efforts necessary to build ocean-worthy craft and colonize island continents.

他們是怎么到達(dá)那里的?他們?yōu)槭裁匆ツ抢铮窟@些問題至今是個(gè)謎。大多數(shù)人類學(xué)文獻(xiàn)里說,沒有證據(jù)顯示6萬年前人類已經(jīng)會(huì)說話,更不用說進(jìn)行某種協(xié)作,建造橫渡海洋到一個(gè)島嶼上去開拓新天地的船只的能力。
"There's just a whole lot we don't know about the movements of people before recorded history," Alan Thorne told me when I met him in Canberra. "Do you know that when nineteenth-century anthropologists first got to Papua New Guinea, they found people in the highlands of the interior, in some of the most inaccessible terrain on earth, growing sweet potatoes. Sweet potatoes are native to South America. So how did they get to Papua New Guinea? We don't know. Don't have the faintest idea. But what is certain is that people have been moving around with considerable assuredness for longer than traditionally thought, and almost certainly sharing genes as well as information."
“對(duì)于史前人類的遷移情況,我們不知道的東西太多了。”當(dāng)我在堪培拉遇到艾倫·桑恩時(shí),他告訴我說。“你知道嗎,19世紀(jì)當(dāng)人類學(xué)家首次到達(dá)巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞的時(shí)候,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)人們?cè)谠摰貐^(qū)內(nèi)陸高地上的一些地球上最難到達(dá)的地方種植甘薯。甘薯原產(chǎn)于南美,它是怎樣傳到巴布亞新幾內(nèi)亞的?我們不知道。一點(diǎn)兒也不知道。但是可以肯定的是,人們信心十足地遷移的時(shí)間肯定比以前所認(rèn)為的要長得多,他們幾乎肯定不但彼此分享基因,還彼此分享信息。”

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The problem, as ever, is the fossil record. "Very few parts of the world are even vaguely amenable to the long-term preservation of human remains," says Thorne, a sharp-eyed man with a white goatee and an intent but friendly manner. "If it weren't for a few productive areas like Hadar and Olduvai in east Africa we'd know frighteningly little. And when you look elsewhere, often wedo know frighteningly little. The whole of India has yielded just one ancient human fossil, from about 300,000 years ago. Between Iraq and Vietnam—that's a distance of some 5,000 kilometers—there have been just two: the one in India and a Neandertal in Uzbekistan." He grinned. "That's not a whole hell of a lot to work with. You're left with the position that you've got a few productive areas for human fossils, like the Great Rift Valley in Africa and Mungo here in Australia, and very little in between. It's not surprising that paleontologists have trouble connecting the dots."

和以往一樣,問題在于化石記錄。“世界上哪怕是稍稍適宜于長期保存人類遺骸的地方也并不多,”桑恩說,他是一位目光敏銳的人,留著灰白色的山羊胡,一臉專注而又溫和的神情,“要不是在東非的哈達(dá)爾和奧都咸發(fā)現(xiàn)了大批化石,我們會(huì)知道得少得可憐。看看別的地方,我們知道得確實(shí)少得可憐。整個(gè)印度只發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊大約30萬年前的古人類化石。在伊拉克和越南之間——其間相距5000公里——只發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩塊化石:一塊在印度,一塊是在烏茲別克斯坦發(fā)現(xiàn)的尼安德特人化石。“他笑了笑,“沒有多少該死的東西可以研究的。結(jié)果,我們只有幾個(gè)地方有比較多的人類化石,比如東非大裂谷和這里的澳大利亞的蒙戈。而在這兩個(gè)地區(qū)之間,幾乎是一無所獲,因此古生物學(xué)家很難將這些零零星星的東西串聯(lián)起來,這也就不足為奇了。”

重點(diǎn)單詞   查看全部解釋    
engage [in'geidʒ]

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v. 答應(yīng),預(yù)定,使忙碌,雇傭,訂婚

 
craft [krɑ:ft]

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n. 工藝,手藝,狡詐,航空器,行會(huì)成員
vt

 
productive [prə'dʌktiv]

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adj. 能生產(chǎn)的,有生產(chǎn)價(jià)值的,多產(chǎn)的

聯(lián)想記憶
evidence ['evidəns]

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n. 根據(jù),證據(jù)
v. 證實(shí),證明

聯(lián)想記憶
preservation [.prezə'veiʃən]

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n. 保存

 
certain ['sə:tn]

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adj. 確定的,必然的,特定的
pron.

 
rift [rift]

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n. 裂口,隙縫,切口 v. 裂開,割開,滲入

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colonize ['kɔlənaiz]

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v. 開拓殖民地,移居

 
cooperative [kəu'ɔpərətiv]

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adj. 合作的,共同的
n. 合作社

 
intent [in'tent]

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n. 意圖,目的,意向,含義 adj. 專心的,決心的,

 
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