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Peer pressure is talked about so much that it can seem a little bit like a joke, especially when you're a teenager.
同伴壓力被談論得如此之多，以至于似乎有點可笑，尤其是當你還是青少年的時候。
But actually experiencing peer pressure can be so uncomfortable.
但實際上，同伴的壓力會讓人很不舒服。
Like, did you really want to run that 10K with your super athletic roommates?
比如，你真的想和你體格健壯的室友一起跑10公里嗎?
Maybe not, but they just asked so many times that it was easier to go do it than listen to them ask again.
也許不想，只是他們問了很多次，去跑比聽他們再問要來的容易。
You've probably been told that to resist peer pressure, you should "just say no," but surprise: that doesn't always seem to work.
你可能聽人說過，你應該對同伴壓力“直接說不”，但令人驚訝的是：這個辦法似乎并不總是奏效。
And neither did that DARE program that was everywhere in the '90s.
90年代，這個大膽的計劃不是很盛行。
Psychologically speaking, it totally makes sense that we'd want to give in to social norms—but that doesn't mean it's always a good thing.
從心理學的角度來說，屈服于社會規范完全說得通——但這并不意味著屈服總是一件好事。
Thankfully, researchers have come up with some better ideas for resisting peer pressure.
值得慶幸的是，研究人員已經想出了更好的方法來抵抗同伴壓力。
So the next time your roommates try to drag you on a run, you'll be prepared.
所以下次你的室友想拖你去跑步的時候，你要做好準備。
Psychologists believe that we're basically hard-wired to want to feel like we belong.
心理學家認為，我們人類天生就想要有歸屬感。
After all, in our evolutionary past, cooperating with groups was necessary for people to survive.
畢竟，在進化史上，與群體合作是我們人類生存的本能。
Because of this, social norms have a huge effect on our behavior—especially ones called injunctive norms, which tell us how society thinks we should behave in certain situations.
正因為如此，社會規范對我們的行為產生巨大的影響——尤其是那些被稱為禁令的社會規范，該規范告訴我們社會對我們在某些情況下應該如何表現的看法。
These norms aren't necessarily bad. For example, they're part of why you'd stop at a red light or pay a friend back when they loan you money.
這些規范不一定不好。例如，這就是為什么你會在紅燈前停下來，或者在朋友借錢之后還錢的原因。
But following them can also cause us to act in risky or dangerous ways to fit in.
但是這些做法也會導致我們采取冒險或危險的方式去適應同伴。
In an early demonstration of this effect from 1968, 58 male college students were asked to fill out questionnaires about going to an urban school.
1968年，58名男性大學生被要求填寫一份關于去城區學校的調查問卷。
Then, while they did, the room they were in started to fill with smoke.
然后，當他們這么填寫的時候，他們所在的房間開始煙霧繚繞。
When the participants were in the room alone, most of them went to get help.
當參與者獨自留在房間里時，他們中的大多數人去尋求幫助。
But when they were in groups, they were much less likely to.
但是當他們在一起的時候，就不太可能了。
Which seems… pretty weird.
看起來很奇怪。
One possible explanation for this is that the participants looked at other people's behavior to try and figure out how they should respond.
一種可能的解釋是，參與者觀察其他人的行為，試圖找出他們應該如何回應。
If the other people didn't seem stressed by the smoke, they might have decided that it wasn't something they had to worry about.
如果其他人看起來并沒有因為吸煙而感到壓力，他們可能會認為這不是他們需要擔心的事情。
Now, this was just an experiment, but things like this happen all the time in real life.
現在，這只是一個實驗，但是像這樣的事情在現實生活中經常發生。
Like, imagine you're hanging out with your buddies, and someone turns on the worst, most horrible-sounding music you can possibly imagine.
比如，你和你的朋友出去玩，有人打開了你能想象到的最糟糕最恐怖的音樂。
Except, you don't say anything, and neither does anybody else.
然而，你什么也不說，別人也不說。
So you're all just sort of politely sitting there, and you might come to the conclusion that your friends actually enjoy this terrible music, and maybe you're the problem.
所以你們都很有禮貌地坐在那里，你可能會得出結論，你的朋友實際上很喜歡這種糟糕的音樂，也許你就是問題所在。
Psychologists actually have a name for this concept: pluralistic ignorance.
心理學家給這個概念起了個名字：多元無知。
It's the idea that a group might feel a certain way, but nobody in the group realizes it because everyone is keeping their true feelings to themselves.
多元無知的意思是一個群體可能會有某種感覺，但群體中沒有人意識到這一點，因為每個人都把自己的真實感受藏在心里。
Because of this, you might come to think a certain social norm exists—like that smoky rooms are totally normal—even if everybody else is secretly just as uncomfortable with the situation.
正因為如此，你可能會認為存在某種社會規范——比如煙霧繚繞的房間是完全正常的——即使其他人私下里也對這種情況感到不舒服。
Pluralistic ignorance can play a huge role in peer pressure,
多元無知在同伴壓力中扮演著重要角色，
and psychologists have also suggested it might be a factor in the heavy drinking that often occurs on college campuses.
心理學家也指出，這可能是大學校園里經常發生酗酒現象的一個因素。
In a 1993 study at Princeton University, researchers asked 132 undergrads how they felt about drinking.
1993年普林斯頓大學的一項研究中，研究人員詢問了132名本科生對飲酒的感受。
They also asked them how they thought the average student felt about it.
他們還詢問了這些人對普通學生飲酒的看法。
Participants generally said that they felt less okay with heavy drinking at college than the hypothetical average student.
參與者普遍表示，他們對大學期間酗酒的接受程度低于假設的普通學生。
But turns out that this was actually something a lot of people said.
但事實上很多人都說過。
In other words, most people thought their peers were way more okay with heavy drinking than they actually were.
換句話說，實際上，大多數人認為他們的同齡人比他們自己更能接受酗酒。
Recent studies have also confirmed that pluralistic ignorance plays a role in all kinds of other situations, too, from cigarette smoking and drug use to beliefs about mental health treatments.
最新研究還證實，從吸煙、吸毒到對心理健康治療的信念，多元無知在各種情況下發揮著作用。
So it's not only relevant to that lecture your high school teachers might have given you before you went off to college.
這不僅和高中老師在你上大學之前給你的講座有關。
The nice thing is, though, this concept can also help you resist peer pressure.
不過，好處是，這個概念還可以幫助你抵抗來自同伴的壓力。
See, people often give in to something because they assume everyone agrees it's right.
人們常常會屈服于某件事，因為他們認為每個人都同意這件事是對的。
So psychologists have suggested that, if you know about pluralistic ignorance, it might reduce the pressure you feel to conform with the group.
所以心理學家建議，如果你知道多元無知，它可能會減輕你與群體保持一致的壓力。
And research has backed this up.
研究也證實了這一點。
In a 1998 study with 143 college students, knowing about pluralistic ignorance helped one group drink less, compared to students who didn't learn about it.
1998年對143名大學生進行的一項研究中，與不了解多元無知的學生相比，了解多元無知的一組學生飲酒較少。
And a 2018 study about gender norms showed similar results.
2018年的一項關于性別規范的研究結果也與此類似。
When men were shown that most people were in favor of gender equality,
研究結果顯示，與被告知其他信息的小組相比，
they were more likely to say they supported it as well, compared to groups who were told something else.
大多數支持性別平等的男性更有可能說他們自己也支持這項研究。
While there may have been other variables at play in both of these studies,
雖然在這兩項研究中可能還有其他變量在起作用，
this suggests that having a little psychology knowledge in your back pocket can totally help you out in the real world.
這表明，在你的口袋里有一點心理學知識可以完全幫助你在現實世界中擺脫困境。
It's like having a secret window into your friends' brains.
這就像有一個秘密的窗口進入你朋友的大腦。
So, the next time someone puts on that horrible playlist, speak up.
所以，下次有人放那張可怕的播放列表時，請大聲說出來。
You may find that other people were just as uncomfortable as you were, but didn't want to be the first person to admit it.
你可能會發現其他人和你一樣不舒服，但他們不想成為第一個承認這一點的人。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych, and special thanks to our patrons on Patreon!
感謝收看本期心理科學秀節目，特別感謝Patreon對本節目的支持!
There's so much psychology to explore out there, and we're thankful for all of you who make it possible.
有太多的心理學有待探索，感謝所有人，是你們讓這一切成為可能。
If you want to help us keep making episodes like this one, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想幫助我們繼續制作這樣的劇集，可以訪問patreon.com/scishow。
