評論
打印
Question: What about the Christian right and its support for Trump’s exclusionary rhetoric?
那么基督教右翼及其對特朗普排外言論的支持呢?
Answer: Religion can be a very powerful source of hope, and some Christian evangelicals have fought back against that sort of rhetoric. Remember when Obama called on the evangelicals for support [during his 2008 presidential campaign]? He got pushback for that, but it was the right thing to do. You don’t want to close out one segment of the public. You do want to say that there is no place for hateful rhetoric in America.
宗教可以是希望的一個非常強大的來源，一些基督教福音派已經反擊了這種花言巧語。還記得奧巴馬(在2008年總統競選期間)呼吁福音派教徒支持他嗎? 他為此受到了抵制，但這是正確的做法。你不會想要放棄一部分公眾。你確實想說，美國不存在仇恨言論。
How is hope an antidote to fear?
希望如何是恐懼的解藥?
Usually, hope is considered the opposite of fear, and in a way it is. But what the philosophical tradition points out is that the two are very similar: Both require that the outcome, which is highly uncertain, is going to be something meaningful and important to you.
通常，希望被認為是恐懼的對立面，在某種程度上確實如此。但哲學傳統指出兩者非常相似：兩者都要求高度不確定的結果要有意義且重要。
The Stoics (followers of a Hellenistic philosophy founded in the third century B.C.) taught learning not to care about uncertain things, about pulling all your cares inside yourself. If you were a complete stoic—caring only for your own reason and will—then you would not have fear or hope. That was a natural response in the world at the time because so much was rapidly turning into tyranny. But it was still a bad response. If you think, as I do, that it’s important to love other people or your country or things outside your control, then you are going to have both fear and hope.
斯多葛學派(公元前3世紀創立的一種希臘哲學的追隨者)教導人們不要在意不確定的事情，內心不要裝滿憂慮。如果你是一個徹底的禁欲主義者——只關心你自己的原因和意愿——那么你不會感到恐懼,也不會有希望。這是當時世界的一種自然反應，因為太多的東西正在迅速變成暴政。但這種回應仍很糟糕。如果你像我一樣，認為愛別人、愛自己的國家、愛無法控制的事情很重要，那么就會既感到恐懼又有希望。
Cicero was a Stoic who loved the Roman Republic—he fought to the death for it. At one point, he was mourning the death of his daughter and of the republic. His friends told him he should stop and be a proper Stoic, and he said, “No, these are important things, and I should grieve.” That’s how I think we should follow his example—hopefully without getting murdered by political assassins! He stuck his neck out, quite literally, for the assassins’ stroke.
西塞羅是一個熱愛羅馬共和國的斯多葛主義者——他為之戰斗至死。曾經有一度，他在哀悼女兒的死亡、共和國的衰亡。他的朋友告訴他應該停下來，做一個真正的禁欲主義者，他說，“不，這些是重要的事情，我應該悲傷。”我想我們應該以他為榜樣——希望不會被政治刺客謀殺！毫不夸張地說，為打擊刺客，他敢說敢干。
Question: But hope is not a matter of probabilities, right?
問：但是希望不是概率的問題，對吧?
True. You could have a relative ill in the hospital, and the probability of a positive outcome is not very good, but you could still have hope. On the other side, the probabilities might be very good, but you could still have fear and have crippling anxiety.
的確。你可能在醫院里有個親戚病了，結果是陽性的可能性不是很大，但你還是有希望的。另一方面，可能性可能非常大，但是你仍然可能感到恐懼并非常焦慮。
But hope is also not just an emotion; it’s a syndrome linked to action. An important young female philosopher, Adrienne Martin, wrote a very good book on this: How We Hope: A Moral Psychology. She points out that hope is a way of looking at a situation with a disposition to act. If you are fearful, the action tendency is to run away and hide your head. But hope is: I will get in there and try to make this good outcome more likely.
但希望也不僅僅是一種情感；這是一種與行為有關的綜合癥。著名年輕女哲學家阿德里安娜·馬丁關于這個寫了一本很好的書：《我們如何產生希望：道德心理學》。她指出，希望是一種帶著行動傾向看待情況的方式。如果你感到害怕，行為傾向將會是逃避并把頭藏起來。但希望是：我將進入那里，并努力使這一良好的結果更有可能。
Hope energizes us. It gets us to run for office or support candidates. We won’t do that if we sit back in fear and despair. It is something you can produce in yourself with habits of mind and heart that make it more likely that you will have that hope rather than fear syndrome.
希望給我們能量。希望讓我們競選公職或支持候選人。如果我們在恐懼和絕望中退縮，我們就不會這樣做。希望是一種思維和內心習慣產生的東西，這使你更有可能擁有更多希望，而不是恐懼綜合癥。
譯文由可可原創，僅供學習交流使用，未經許可請勿轉載。
