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You know how some videos can be super disorienting, like if whoever's holding the camera just can't keep their hand steady?
你知道怎么能讓視頻失去方向感，比如拿著相機手保持顫抖，
Or maybe you've seen the Blair Witch Project in all of its shaky cam glory.
或者可能你已經看過《女巫布萊爾》里搖搖晃晃的鏡頭。
Having your vision move around a lot can get downright nauseating.
視力經常移動會讓你感到惡心。
But also, your eyes move all the time to get a complete picture of what's going on in front of you.
眼球不斷轉動以便全面了解眼前發生的一切。
So why doesn't day-to-day life feel like a poorly-calibrated first-person video game?
那么，為什么日常生活感覺就像一款沒有校準的第一人稱視頻游戲？
Well, your eyes and brain cover up that mess by doing some really weird stuff—even changing how you perceive time.
眼睛和大腦通過做一些非常奇怪的事情來掩蓋這一切，甚至改變你對時間的感知。
Your eyes move a lot.
眼球經常在轉動。
Like, you might notice just how quickly they jump around when you're reading.
比如，你可能會注意到閱讀時眼睛跳躍得有多快。
Scientists call those jumps saccades.
科學家稱之為掃視。
Each one can take up to a hundred milliseconds, depending on how far your eyes need to turn.
眼球每次轉動都需要100毫秒，這取決于轉的幅度。
But instead of showing you blurry motion all the time, your brain kind of just skips those moments.
但是，大腦并沒有一直向你展示模糊的運動，而是跳過了模糊的瞬間。
One way psychologists know this is because of a certain kind of vision experiment.
心理學家知道這一點是因為某種視覺實驗。
If you time the movement of the object to be exactly during a saccade, people have a hard time noticing.
如果精確計算掃視過程中物體運動時間的話，人們很難注意到。
One study asked people to flip a switch when they saw an image jump while having their eyes tracked.
一項研究要求人們看到圖像時撥動開關，同時對眼球進行追蹤。
The researchers found that if the image jumped about 10 milliseconds after the start of a saccade,
研究人員發現，如果圖像在掃視開始10毫秒后跳轉，
people didn't notice—as long as their eye movement was about 3 times bigger than the image's movement.
人們不會注意到，眼球的運動大約是原來的3倍人們才會注意。
Other studies had people move their eyes to focus on an array of dots that appeared in their peripheral vision.
其它研究：轉動眼球，專注于視覺中周邊一系列的點。
If the pattern of those dots changed during the saccade, the participants had trouble noticing the change.
如果在掃視過程中這些點的模式發生了變化，參與者就很難注意到變化。
But if the participants kept their eyes still and the dots moved to where they were looking, they noticed a pattern change more frequently.
但是如果保持眼球不動，并且這些點移動到注視的地方，參與者就會注意到模式變化更頻繁。
You can sort of test this yourself, too.
你也可以自己測試一下。
Just look in a mirror and move your eyes—you'll never actually see your eyes in motion.
只要照照鏡子，轉動眼睛——你永遠不會看到眼球在動。
All of this is the study of transsaccadic memory,
這些都是對眼跳記憶的研究，
which is basically your brain's short-term storage of all the visual information it's taking in to form a complete picture of the world, like puzzle pieces.
基本上來說是大腦對所有視覺信息的短期存儲，就像拼圖游戲一樣，形成了一幅完整的世界圖景。
Your brain doesn't just leave a hole in your vision during saccades.
掃視過程中，大腦不會在視覺上留下一個漏洞，
It fills in that gap in with what's around it, chronologically.
而按時間順序填補了周圍的空白。
And what's really weird is that seems to draw more from what you see right after the jump.
而奇怪的是，你似乎在跳躍之后從看到的情況中得出了更多的結論。
I'll let that sink in.
我會弄清楚的。
How can your brain show you things that are happening in the future, even if it's just a fraction of a second?
大腦如何展示未來哪怕只是一瞬間發生的事情？
Well, it has to do with the fact that you don't process things instantaneously.
這與你不需要瞬間處理的事實有關。
Your brain filters everything that your senses detect.
大腦會過濾感官所覺察到的一切。
And your sense of time passing can also change based on what you're doing and focused on.
你對時間的概念也會隨著你在做什么、關注著什么而有所變化。
This is an illusion called chronostasis, which means "stopping time" in Greek.
我們稱之為時停錯覺，在希臘語中的意思是“時間停止”。
You can see it yourself if you've got a watch with a ticking second hand.
如果你手表的秒針滴答作響，你就會明白。
If you look away from the watch and then back, sometimes the second hand will seem to pause for a little bit too long before ticking again.
如果你把目光從手表上移開，然后再看向手表，有時秒針似乎會停頓太久，然后又滴答作響。
Basically, there seems to be a tiny delay between your eyes receiving light information from the watch and your conscious visual perception of the watch.
基本上來說，眼睛接收到來自手表的光線信息和你對手表產生視覺感知意識之間似乎有一個微小的延遲。
When you've got a saccade to fill, it's like your brain puts a rush order on the next bit of information from your eyes—that's the "seeing the future" part.
快速瀏覽時，就像是大腦對眼睛看到的下一個信息下了一個緊急命令——即“預知”部分。
And then it rests for a second.
然后休息一會兒。
Well, not a whole second. Part of a second.
嗯，沒到一秒鐘。
In some studies of the chronostasis illusion, subjects had their eyes tracked.
在一些關于時停錯覺的研究中，追蹤受試者的眼睛。
When they focused on a specific point on a screen, a 4 second timer started.
當他們專注于屏幕上的某個特定點時，開始4秒倒計時。
But here's the catch: that timer would vary how long it would display the first number by a few hundred milliseconds.
但關鍵在于：計時器在顯示第一個數字需要的時間上各不相同，差幾百毫秒。
Then subjects were asked whether that first number was displayed for a longer or shorter time than the rest.
然后，受試者被問及第一個數字的顯示時間是否比其它數字長或短。
And the researchers found that they could shorten that first second by about 120 milliseconds on average before people would say it seemed shorter.
研究人員發現，在說出第一秒似乎更短之前，他們平均將第一秒縮短約120毫秒。
In other words, people were overestimating how long that first second took by about 120 milliseconds.
換句話說，人們把第一秒所花的時間高估了約120毫秒。
Their mind's eye was holding onto that image of a number 1 just a little longer.
他們盯著數字1的圖像看了一會兒。
So… kind of like time travel! We don't have a complete biological explanation for this phenomenon.
有點像時間旅行！對于這種現象，我們沒有一個完整的生物學解釋。
It's hard to get deep into the visual systems of living humans, and monkeys and rats can't exactly report their perception of time.
很難深入了解人類的視覺系統，也無法準確道明猴子和老鼠對時間的感知。
But we know that the illusion happens whether a person voluntarily moves their eyes or does it reflexively because something appears in their peripheral vision.
但我們知道，無論是主動移動眼球，還是因為周邊視覺中出現了什么東西而反射性地移動眼球，視覺都會產生。
This suggests it's a very low-level process in the brain.
說明這在大腦中是一個非常低級的過程。
Researchers think it could be part of a signal coming from the superior colliculus,
研究人員認為部分信號可能來自上丘，
which is a brain region involved in processing vision and unconscious movement of your eyes.
上丘是一個大腦區域，涉及處理視力和眼球的無意識運動。
But this is really just a guess based on what seems to fit the data we have so far.
但這只是我們根據目前所掌握數據的猜測。
And, to make things even more complicated, the chronostasis illusion doesn't just happen with vision.
而且，更復雜的是，時停錯覺不僅僅針對于視覺。
People have similar experiences with other senses, like touch or hearing.
其他感官，比如觸覺或聽覺，也有類似的經歷。
Like, in experiments kind of like that timer study where participants reach and grab a vibrating handle,
在類似于計時器的實驗中，參與者伸手抓住振動的把手，
they overestimate how long it vibrates at different frequencies after they make contact.
抓住之后參與者高估了把手以不同頻率振動的時間。
Or people will overestimate the length of a period of silence if tones [tone on left] switch from one ear [tone on right] to the other.
或者音調[左邊的音調]從一只耳朵[右邊的音調]切換到另一只耳朵無聲的時間。
So scientists have a bit of a mystery to unravel when it comes to time-stopping illusions.
因此，當涉及到時停錯覺時，科學家們要解開一些謎。
At the very least, we know that our perception of time isn't consistent—maybe to help make the world a little less disorienting.
至少，我們知道了人們對時間的感知并不一致——也許是為了幫助讓這個世界少一點迷惑。
But no need to break out the flux capacitors or the failsafe machines just yet.
但現在還不需要打開焊劑電容器或故障安全裝置。
Thanks for learning about these brain mysteries with us here at SciShow Psych, and thanks especially to our patrons on Patreon.
感謝您和我們一起學習大腦的奧秘，也特別感謝Patreon對本節目的支持。
If you want to support us as we make all these videos and share how fascinating our universe is, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果您想支持我們的節目并分享我們奇妙世界里一些好玩的事情，可以訪問 patreon.com/scishow。
