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When you hear the word cult, you might think of a dark chamber with a bunch of robed people chanting because of weird, sinister beliefs.
聽到邪教這個詞，你可能會想到一群穿著長袍的人在一個黑暗的房間里吟唱，因?yàn)樗麄冇兄之愋皭旱男叛觥?/div>
Or tragedies like the over 900 people who committed mass suicide in 1978 because they were instructed to by Reverend Jim Jones.
或者是悲劇，比如1978年，因?yàn)槟翈熂贰き偹沟闹甘荆?00多人集體自殺。
It's easy to wonder who would ever join a cult, and assume there's something wrong with those people.
人們很想知道加入邪教的都是哪些人，并認(rèn)為那些人不正常。
But cults come in many forms, and are more common than you might think.
但是邪教的形式有很多，可能比你想象的還要常見。
And most of the time, the people who join are just like you and me.
大多數(shù)時(shí)候，加入邪教的人和你我沒什么區(qū)別。
Defining cults is tricky, even for researchers.
給邪教下定義很難，甚至對研究人員來說也是如此。
They pretty much agree that cults involve extreme devotion to some idea, thing, or person.
他們幾乎都同意邪教是某些想法、事物或人的極端。
But some researchers emphasize a religious element, calling them a New Religious Movement.
一些研究人員突出宗教因素，稱其為一種新的宗教運(yùn)動。
Others focus on manipulative persuasion tactics.
一些人專注于操控性說服策略的研究。
And some highlight destructive groups that seek to control and isolate people,
一些人則強(qiáng)調(diào)邪教組織是一種試圖控制和孤立人們的破壞性組織，
as opposed to groups that might share some cult-like qualities but aren't harmful or could even be beneficial.
邪教與那些可能具有某些類似邪教的特征，但沒有害處甚至可能有益的群體截然不同。
The reality is, it's sometimes hard to give a clear-cut answer as to whether a group is a cult.
事實(shí)是，對于一個群體是否是邪教有時(shí)很難給出明確的定義。
But psychologists are still trying to figure out who joins cults and why.
但心理學(xué)家們?nèi)栽谠噲D弄清楚究竟加入邪教的都是哪些人，他們?yōu)槭裁醇尤胄敖獭?/div>
Most studies involve recruiting former cult members from all over the world to ask them what their experiences were like.
大多數(shù)研究人員都在世界各地招募前邪教成員，詢問他們的經(jīng)歷。
It's hard to interview current cult members or people before they join.
很難采訪到現(xiàn)在的邪教成員，以及那些還沒有加入邪教但即將加入的人們
So, while researchers have learned many things from these people who left, there's still a lot we don't know.
因此，盡管研究人員從這些前邪教成員身上了解到了很多東西，但還有很多東西是我們不了解的。
But what we do know is a bit surprising.
但就我們所知道的有點(diǎn)令人吃驚。
For instance, in one study from 2007 at the Autonomous University of Madrid,
例如，在2007年馬德里自治大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究中，
researchers interviewed 101 former cult members and found that they're just normal people.
研究人員采訪了101名前邪教成員，發(fā)現(xiàn)他們和正常人沒什么區(qū)別。
Some said that they joined cults because they were dissatisfied with their life,
一些人說他們加入邪教是因?yàn)樗麄儗ψ约旱纳畈粷M，
or were looking for self-development or spiritual growth, which are totally normal psychological phenomena.
或者是尋求自我發(fā)展或精神成長，這些心理都很正常。
Everyone usually wants to belong to a group of people that cares about them,
每個人都想成為關(guān)心他人、
and might look for answers to big picture questions, work to improve themselves, or seek spiritual enlightenment.
可能會想要尋找遠(yuǎn)景問題的答案、努力提高自己或者尋求精神啟迪的人。
Sometimes, people just find those things in cults.
有時(shí)，人們加入邪教是為了找到這些東西。
And, even though all this research is far from conclusive, there might be factors that put us more at risk of joining one.
而且，盡管所有這些研究還遠(yuǎn)未得出結(jié)論，但可能存在讓人們加入邪教的因素。
Who you're around could matter.
你可能受到身邊人的影響。
For instance, if your family or friends are already part of a cult, your chance of joining is greater.
例如，如果你的家人或朋友已經(jīng)加入邪教，你加入邪教的機(jī)會就會更大。
Same with having a dysfunctional family that's not very supportive or even abusive.
同樣，如果你成長在一個不支持你、充滿謾罵的家庭，你加入邪教的機(jī)會也很大。
But family can also be a source of protection if you do join.
但家人也會成為你的保護(hù)傘。
Having a supportive family that isn't judgmental and critical can help you leave.
有一個支持你，不會評判你，也不會批評你的家庭，能幫助你遠(yuǎn)離邪教。
Some personal qualities might also matter, like being more spiritual or religious, or being curious about other people's views.
個人品質(zhì)可能也會影響你加入邪教，比如更加精神或宗教化，或者對別人的觀點(diǎn)感到好奇。
People who are having a difficult time in their life, dealing with stress,
那些生活中有困難、處理壓力
or having problems managing emotions or daily life pressures, are also at a greater risk.
或者在管理情緒或日常生活壓力方面有問題的人，也有可能加入邪教。
All this makes it sound like everyone is at risk, which… we kind of are.
所有這一切聽起來像是每個人都有加入邪教的危險(xiǎn)。
But also in that 2007 study, the former cult members rated manipulation as the most important factor in joining.
但根據(jù)2007年的一項(xiàng)研究，前邪教成員認(rèn)為，操縱是加入邪教最主要的因素。
People usually thought they were joining a normal, healthy community, because of various persuasion techniques and lies.
由于各種說服技巧和謊言，人們通常覺得他們加入的是正常、健康的組織。
This manipulation is often a long, gradual process, taking months or years to change your attitudes so that you'll commit.
產(chǎn)生這種想法是一個漫長、漸進(jìn)的過程，需要幾個月或幾年的時(shí)間來改變你的態(tài)度，這樣你才會對他們死心塌地。
The leaders are typically very charismatic and confident.
邪教的領(lǐng)頭通常都很有魅力，很自信。
They do things to make you like them and their group, which is called ingratiation.
他們做一些讓你喜歡他們以及團(tuán)隊(duì)的事情，這被稱為討好。
Sometimes they'll give small gifts or do favors.
有時(shí)他們會送些小禮物或或者給你一些好處。
Thanks to reciprocity, it makes us want to give something back.
出于互惠互利，我們會想要回報(bào)他們。
Then, to get you to stick around, they use techniques like fear, humiliation, or shutting down any dissent or questions.
然后，為了不讓你離開，他們會使用恐懼、羞辱或拒絕任何異議或問題等技巧。
And they often isolate you, restricting your independence, like if and where you work, and whom you're allowed to talk to.
他們經(jīng)常孤立你，限制你的自主性，比如你在哪里工作，可以和誰交談。
When everyone around you seems to believe in the group's mission,
當(dāng)你周圍的人似乎都相信團(tuán)隊(duì)的使命時(shí)，
and any voices that say otherwise are quickly shut down, it's hard to question what's going on.
其它任何聲音很快就會消失，很難質(zhì)疑到底發(fā)生了什么。
And if your old life is gone and you have no job, friends, or family to return to, it's a lot harder to leave.
過去的日子不再，沒有工作、朋友、家人，你就很難離開。
But it is possible.
但也不是不可能。
Once out, people often deal with many mental health problems because of the trauma and abuse they might have experienced, developing things like PTSD and other issues.
一旦逃離邪教，因?yàn)樵?jīng)的創(chuàng)傷和虐待，通常會出現(xiàn)許多心理健康問題，發(fā)展成創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙和其它心理問題。
The good news is that research is being done to understand how to better help people leave cults, return to regular society, and live a healthy life.
值得慶幸的是，研究人員正在研究如何更好地幫助人們脫離邪教，回歸正常社會，過上健康的生活。
A lot of therapeutic techniques are involved, from focusing on basic mental health to unpacking why they joined a cult in the first place
很多治療技術(shù)都涉及從關(guān)注基本的心理健康到揭開他們最初加入邪教的原因。
and unlearning any harmful beliefs the cult gave them.
并消除邪教帶給他們的任何有害的信念。
And the other good news is that psychologists do know a thing or two about how to resist persuasion.
另一點(diǎn)值得慶幸的是，心理學(xué)家確實(shí)知道關(guān)于如何抵制說服的一兩個方法。
For instance, there's forewarning:
例如，預(yù)警：
If you know that someone's going to try to convince you to do something or buy something,
如果你知道有人試圖說服你去做某事或買東西，
you tend to evaluate them and their message more negatively, so you're less persuaded.
你往往會對他們和他們傳達(dá)的信息做出負(fù)面評價(jià)，所以你更不容易被說服。
But, according to a 2009 study by a researcher at Opole University in Poland, this doesn't work equally well on all kinds of messages.
但是，根據(jù)2009年波蘭奧波萊大學(xué)一名研究員的研究，并非所有信息都是如此。
Forewarning helps us resist persuasion more if the cult is focusing on your personal life.
如果邪教關(guān)注你的個人生活，預(yù)警能幫助我們更加抵抗說服。
Because when we think about ourselves and our personal values, we're more protective.
因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們想到自身以及個人價(jià)值觀時(shí)，保護(hù)意識會更強(qiáng)。
But if the persuasion is focused on bigger philosophical things, like why the answer to life, the universe, and everything could be 42, the warning doesn't have as much impact.
但如果說服專注于更大的哲學(xué)問題，比如為什么生命、宇宙和萬物的答案可能是42，那么警告的作用就沒那么大了。
So it's normal to want to belong, figure out who you are, and hang out with cool people.
所以，想要融入社會，想要知道自己是誰，想要和很酷的人在一起的想法很正常。
But not every group has your best interests in mind… so just be careful.
但并不是每個小組都把你的最大利益放在心上，所以要小心。
And there are plenty of awesome communities out there, too.
還有很多很棒的社區(qū)。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感謝收看心理科學(xué)秀節(jié)目。
If you want to know more about different ways group identity can get destructive,
如果你想知道更多關(guān)于群體認(rèn)同的破壞性方式，
you can watch our video about why people riot.
你可以觀看我們的視頻，了解為什么會產(chǎn)生暴動。
And if you want to keep learning about humans with us twice a week, you can go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
如果你想每周和我們一起學(xué)習(xí)兩次人類知識，你可以登陸youtube.com/scishowpsych訂閱我們的節(jié)目。
| 重點(diǎn)單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| factor | ['fæktə] |
想一想再看 n. 因素，因子 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| cult | [kʌlt] |
想一想再看 n. 宗教膜拜儀式，異教，狂熱崇拜，個人崇拜 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| element | ['elimənt] |
想一想再看 n. 元素，成分，組成部分，(復(fù)數(shù))惡劣天氣 |
||
| impact | ['impækt,im'pækt] |
想一想再看 n. 沖擊(力), 沖突，影響(力) |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| interview | ['intəvju:] |
想一想再看 n. 接見，會見，面試，面談 |
||
| understand | [.ʌndə'stænd] |
想一想再看 vt. 理解，懂，聽說，獲悉，將 ... 理解為，認(rèn)為< |
||
| source | [sɔ:s] |
想一想再看 n. 發(fā)源地，來源，原始資料 |
||
| critical | ['kritikəl] |
想一想再看 adj. 批評的，決定性的，危險(xiǎn)的，挑剔的 |
||
| involve | [in'vɔlv] |
想一想再看 vt. 包含，使陷入，使忙于，使卷入，牽涉 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| emphasize | ['emfəsaiz] |
想一想再看 vt. 強(qiáng)調(diào)，著重 |
