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Hopefully, you have never had a near-death experience.
希望你從未有過(guò)瀕死體驗(yàn)。
But if you have, I'm glad that you survived it.
但如果你有過(guò)，很高興你活下來(lái)了。
Uh, also, maybe this sounds familiar: A blinding white light.
也許這情景聽(tīng)起來(lái)很熟悉：一道眩目的白光。
Your life flashing before your eyes.
你的生命體在你眼前閃現(xiàn)。
Floating out of your body and looking down on that body from above.
靈魂漂浮在你的身體外面，俯視著它。
Honestly, it might sound familiar either way.
老實(shí)說(shuō)，這可能聽(tīng)起來(lái)很熟悉。
At this point, the near-death experience is a bit of a cliche in pop culture, but this stuff really happens.
在這一點(diǎn)上，瀕死體驗(yàn)在流行文化中顯得有點(diǎn)兒老套，但它確實(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生。
Near-death experiences are most likely caused by a bunch of different processes,
瀕死體驗(yàn)很可能是由一堆不同的流程引起的，
and scientists are still figuring out all of the mechanisms.
科學(xué)家們還在研究它所有的機(jī)制。
But either way, these experiences probably aren't as mystical as they seem.
但不管怎樣，這些經(jīng)歷可能不像它們看起來(lái)那樣神秘。
There are accounts of near-death experiences going back to ancient Greece,
瀕死體驗(yàn)的記載可以追溯到古希臘，
and because modern medicine can bring people back from the brink of death more often,
因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)可以讓人們更頻繁地從死亡邊緣恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)，
they're even more common now.
所以這種經(jīng)歷現(xiàn)在更普遍了。
What's weird is that most people who have them report seeing the same kind of stuff.
奇怪的是，大多數(shù)有這種經(jīng)歷的人都報(bào)告說(shuō)他們看到了相同情景。
The white light. The out-of-body experience. The sense of peace. An awareness of being dead.
白光。靈魂出竅體驗(yàn)。平和的感覺(jué)。一種死亡的意識(shí)。
The experiences are so universal that there's actually a standardized questionnaire
這些經(jīng)歷如此普遍，以至于有一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化問(wèn)卷
to evaluate whether or not someone has had a near-death experience.
來(lái)評(píng)估某人是否有瀕死體驗(yàn)。
But when it comes to understanding why they happen, things are less clear.
但涉及到理解它們發(fā)生的原因時(shí)，事情就不太清楚了。
For one, there's virtually nothing medically, demographically, or psychologically different about the so-called "experiencers"
首先，所謂的“體驗(yàn)者”在醫(yī)學(xué)、人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)或心理上
compared to non-experiencers who have also almost died.
與將死的非經(jīng)驗(yàn)者相比沒(méi)什么不同。
They're also just really hard to study.
其次，它們很難研究。
It's generally frowned upon to almost kill someone while they're in an fMRI machine.
人們待在功能磁共振成像機(jī)里幾乎會(huì)殺死他們，這通常是不被允許的。
Also, studies of near-death experiences have major sampling issues.
此外，對(duì)瀕死體驗(yàn)的研究也有重要的抽樣問(wèn)題。
Studies done after the fact rely on experiencers identifying themselves as participants,
事后所做的研究依賴(lài)于體驗(yàn)者將自己視為參與者，
which can cause some serious bias.
這可能會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的偏見(jiàn)。
But other studies, like ones where experimenters waited on call for people to go into cardiac arrest,
但是其他的研究，比如實(shí)驗(yàn)者等待要求進(jìn)入心臟驟停狀態(tài)的研究
have a hard time getting enough participants for a good sample size.
很難找到足夠多的參與者，取得適當(dāng)?shù)臉颖玖俊?/div>
Also, waiting around for people to start dying? Not a super-fun job.
那么等待人們開(kāi)始死亡嗎？這個(gè)工作沒(méi)意思。
But even though they're hard to study, there are tons of ideas about what could cause these experiences,
但即使它們很難研究，還是有很多觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)明這些體驗(yàn)的成因，
and they're probably not just caused by one thing.
而且原因可能不是一種。
One idea is that rather than experiencers seeing and feeling the same things
一種觀點(diǎn)是，體驗(yàn)者沒(méi)有看到和感受到同種情景，
because they're actually having similar experiences, they see and feel them because they expect to.
他們因?yàn)榇_實(shí)有相似經(jīng)歷，期待能看到并感受到它們，所以才會(huì)如此。
This kind of thing happens all the time, like in eyewitness testimonies.
這種事經(jīng)常發(fā)生，比如目擊者的證詞。
People are pretty suggestible, so it's reasonable to think that
人們很容易受影響，所以有理由認(rèn)為
the cliches about near-death experiences might impact what people actually see and feel during them.
關(guān)于瀕死體驗(yàn)的陳詞濫調(diào)可能會(huì)影響人們體驗(yàn)期間真正看到和感受到的東西。
Another view is that they are a psychological response to the threat of death.
另一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，瀕死體驗(yàn)是人們對(duì)死亡威脅的心理反應(yīng)。
Beginning in the 1930s, psychologists suggested that these experiences were a result of depersonalization,
在20世紀(jì)30年代初，心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為這些經(jīng)歷是人格解體的結(jié)果，
where you feel detached from your identity and what's happening to you.
你感到自己與你的身份和你身上經(jīng)歷的事分離了。
Basically, you know you're dying, but you feel completely detached from it. It's like it's not real.
它基本上是，你知道你正在死去，但你覺(jué)得自己完全從身體脫離了。這好像不是真的。
Among other things, that would also explain why near-death experiences cause calmness and peacefulness.
除此之外，這也可以解釋為什么瀕死體驗(yàn)會(huì)帶來(lái)平靜。
More recent research has argued that dissociation,
最近的研究認(rèn)為，
where your consciousness seems independent from your real, physical experience, is actually to blame.
你的意識(shí)似乎與你真實(shí)的身體體驗(yàn)脫離，這種解離癥才是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/div>
Daydreaming is a totally normal example of this, but an extreme case is an out-of-body experience.
白日做夢(mèng)是這一癥狀的正常例子，但也有靈魂出竅的極端例子。
And there's some evidence to back this one up.
有一些證據(jù)支持這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。
All kinds of trauma often result in dissociation, so there are tests to clinically identify it.
各種各樣的創(chuàng)傷常常導(dǎo)致解離癥的發(fā)生，因此有臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)識(shí)別它。
The tests ask responders to identify how often they do things like totally zone out while watching TV
這些測(cè)試要求反應(yīng)者確定他們做這些事的頻率，比如看電視時(shí)開(kāi)小差，
or have no recollection of an important event.
或者不記得某件重要的事情。
A study from 2000 looked at 134 subjects who had come close to death,
2000年的一項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查了134名曾接近死亡的受試者，
96 of whom had had near-death experiences.
其中96人有瀕死體驗(yàn)。
They found that the experiencers scored much higher on the dissociation test,
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)這些體驗(yàn)者在解離癥測(cè)試中得分更高，
meaning they were more prone to mentally check out of situations.
也就是說(shuō)，他們更傾向于精神不在狀態(tài)。
It's also possible that near-death experiences could be entirely or partly biological,
瀕死體驗(yàn)也有可能完全或部分是由生理因素導(dǎo)致的，
and there are a number of possible mechanisms that could explain the things experiencers see and feel.
有很多可能生理機(jī)制可以解釋體驗(yàn)者看到和感受到的東西。
For instance, the combination of fear and depriving the optic nerve of oxygen has been known to cause tunnel vision.
例如，眾所周知，恐懼與視神經(jīng)缺氧一起會(huì)導(dǎo)致隧道視覺(jué)。
And, when faced with the extreme stress of dying,
而且當(dāng)人們面對(duì)死亡的極端壓力時(shí)，
the brain probably releases all kinds of chemicals to protect itself, which can lead to those other weird symptoms.
大腦可能會(huì)釋放各種各樣的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來(lái)保護(hù)自己，這可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生其他奇怪的癥狀。
A 2004 study showed that out-of-body experiences can be triggered by stimulating the temporoparietal junction,
2004年的一項(xiàng)研究表明，離體體驗(yàn)可以通過(guò)刺激顳頂交界處觸發(fā)，
a part of the brain that plays a role in processing information from your environment
顳頂交界處是大腦的一部分，它在處理環(huán)境信息
and in distinguishing between yourself and others.
以及區(qū)分自己和他人中發(fā)揮作用。
Experiments with an anesthesia called ketamine have also suggested that,
用一種叫做氯胺酮的麻醉劑做得實(shí)驗(yàn)也表明，
under stress, the brain might release neurotransmitters that cause detached, dreamlike states or hallucinations.
在壓力下，大腦可能會(huì)釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)，導(dǎo)致分離、夢(mèng)幻狀態(tài)或幻覺(jué)的產(chǎn)生。
And other studies have shown that stimulating a part of the midbrain called the locus ceruleus can release noradrenaline,
其他的研究已經(jīng)表明，刺激中腦一個(gè)叫藍(lán)斑核的部位可以釋放去甲腎上腺素，
which is involved in fear and stress reactions and can alter your emotions and memories.
后者參與恐懼和壓力反應(yīng)，可以改變你的情緒和記憶。
Both of those processes could be related to peaceful emotions, hallucinations,
這兩個(gè)反應(yīng)都與平和的情緒、幻覺(jué)
and that sense of your life flashing before your eyes.
以及生命體在你眼前閃現(xiàn)的感覺(jué)有關(guān)。
So it's possible that near-death experiences are caused by a combination of all of these factors, biological and otherwise.
所以瀕死體驗(yàn)可能是由所有這些因素——生理因素和其他因素共同造成的。
Of course, there are critics of these studies, and they make a good case.
當(dāng)然，這些研究也有批評(píng)者，他們舉了一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的例子。
They argue that, if these are normal biological mechanisms associated with the stress and trauma of death,
他們認(rèn)為，如果這些是與壓力和死亡創(chuàng)傷相關(guān)的正常生理機(jī)制的話，
why doesn't everyone who almost dies have them? We don't know.
為什么不是每個(gè)瀕死之人都有呢？我們不知道。
But for people who do have them, there are a whole bunch of scientific explanations for where they might come from.
但是對(duì)于有這些的人來(lái)說(shuō)，有很多科學(xué)解釋可以說(shuō)明它們的來(lái)處。
And whether they're caused by biology, psychology, or something in between,
不管它們是由生物學(xué)引起的，還是心理學(xué)引起的，還是兩者共同引起的，
near-death experiences can teach us a lot about how our brains work and that weird thing that we call "consciousness".
瀕死體驗(yàn)都可以告訴我們很多關(guān)于大腦的工作方式，以及我們稱(chēng)之為“意識(shí)”的奇怪事物方面的內(nèi)容。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych, brought to you by our patrons on Patreon.
感謝您收看本期的心理科學(xué)秀，它是由Patreon贊助播出的。
If you'd like to help support the show and help us keep making episodes like this one,
如果你想支持本節(jié)目，并幫助我們繼續(xù)制作這類(lèi)節(jié)目，
you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
可以登錄patreon.com/scishow。
We very much appreciate everybody who does that.
我們非常感謝每一個(gè)這樣做的人。
| 重點(diǎn)單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| sampling | ['sæmpliŋ] |
想一想再看 n. 抽樣，樣品 動(dòng)詞sample的現(xiàn)在分詞形式 |
||
| identify | [ai'dentifai] |
想一想再看 vt. 識(shí)別，認(rèn)明，鑒定 |
||
| awareness | [ə'wɛənis] |
想一想再看 n. 認(rèn)識(shí)，意識(shí)，了解 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| eyewitness | ['ai'witnis] |
想一想再看 n. 目擊者，見(jiàn)證人 |
||
| junction | ['dʒʌŋkʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 聯(lián)接，會(huì)合處，交叉點(diǎn) |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| combination | [.kɔmbi'neiʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合，聯(lián)合體 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| threat | [θret] |
想一想再看 n. 威脅，兇兆 |
||
| arrest | [ə'rest] |
想一想再看 vt. 逮捕，拘留 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| blame | [bleim] |
想一想再看 n. 過(guò)失，責(zé)備 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| evidence | ['evidəns] |
想一想再看 n. 根據(jù)，證據(jù) |
聯(lián)想記憶 |
