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Have you ever been around someone who claims to be "a bit OCD" about cleaning?
你有沒有遇到過這樣的人，他聲稱自己在清潔方面“有點兒強迫癥”？
But really they're just, like, keeping a tidy kitchen or making sure their books end up on a shelf.
但實際上，他們只是保持廚房整潔，或者確保書放在了書架上。
Thanks to stereotypes or a lack of information,
由于對強迫癥的刻板印象或缺乏信息，
some people think that obsessive-compulsive disorder is all about cleaning and counting.
有些人認為它就是清潔和數數。
Which, to be totally clear, it isn't.
但很明顯，不是這樣的。
These ideas sort of touch on OCD symptoms, but they don't paint an accurate picture.
這些想法有點兒觸及強迫癥的癥狀，但描述并不準確。
So let's dispel some of those misconceptions.
因此，讓我們來消除這些誤解。
The DSM-V, a constantly-evolving manual that clinical psychologists and other professionals use to diagnose disorders,
精神疾病診斷與統計手冊（DSM-V）是臨床心理學家和其他專業人士用來診斷疾病用得不斷更新的手冊，
describes OCD as consisting of, you guessed it, obsessions and compulsions.
你猜到了，它描述強迫癥癥狀包括強迫思維和強迫行為。
Obsessions are defined as persistent thoughts, images, or impulses that can't be ignored or suppressed.
“Obsessions”被定義為不能被忽略或壓制的持久思想、想象或沖動。
They're more than just intense worries.
它們不僅僅表現為強烈擔憂。
Compulsions are defined as actions, such as hand washing, sorting objects or ritualistic checking,
“Compulsions”被定義為行為，例如洗手、分揀物品或儀式化的檢查，
that a person feels driven to perform because of an obsession, like to soothe a fear.
人們因為強迫思維而感覺被驅使著做某事，比如緩解恐懼。
They can either take the form of extreme responses, like scrubbing your bathroom for 6 hours a day
他們要么采取極端反應，比如每天6個小時擦洗浴室，
because you think it won't be clean otherwise.
因為你認為不這樣的話它不可能干凈。
Or they might be things that aren't connected to realistic outcomes.
要么做與現實結果無關的事情。
Think… flicking the lights on and off eight times to make sure your cat doesn't get sick.
想想看，你8次不停地開關燈只為確保貓不會生病。
So one big misconception is that "all people with OCD have a need to clean everything."
所以強迫癥的一大誤解是“所有強迫癥患者都需要清洗一切?！?/div>
In reality, there are a lot of different symptoms, which vary from person to person.
事實上，強迫癥的癥狀有很多，因人而異。
Many studies have suggested there are basically four kinds of OCD symptoms.
許多研究表明，強迫癥基本上有四種癥狀。
One is, in fact, extreme levels of cleaning.
第一種實際是極端的清潔水平。
Another is hoarding, or keeping everything from bus tickets to food packaging,
另一種癥狀是囤積，或者把從公共汽車門票到食品包裝等所有東西都留著，
because they're loosely tied to a memory or may come in handy someday.
因為它們與某些記憶有關，或者有一天會派上用場。
A third is obsession with symmetry and order,
第三種是對對稱和秩序的強迫思維，
and possibly becoming very anxious in disorganized environments, like messy workspaces.
他們可能會在混亂的環境，比如凌亂的工作區中變得非常焦慮。
And the fourth category is checking behaviors.
第四種是檢查行為。
Some OCD sufferers may keep checking that they've done things
一些強迫癥患者可能會一直檢查他們做過的事情，
like turn off the stove, for fear of a fire breaking out, even when they've already checked 10 or more times.
比如關爐子，因為擔心火災爆發，即使他們已經檢查十多次了還在檢查。
Some of these symptoms may sound like things that everyone does
有些癥狀聽起來像是每個人都喜歡做得事，
like collecting things, or making sure your door is locked.
比如收集東西或者確保鎖門了。
But this brings us to a second misconception: that "everyone's a little OCD." The truth is, they're not.
但這會造成第二種誤解：每個人都有點兒強迫癥。事實上，這是不對的。
Many psychological disorders are extreme manifestations of behaviors or beliefs
許多心理障礙是行為或信仰的極端表現，
that most people might experience once in a while.
這些大多數人可能會偶爾經歷一次。
But professionals may diagnose someone with a disorder
但專業人士診斷某些人可能患有一種障礙
when these symptoms affect their ability to function in everyday life,
是因為這些癥狀影響到了他們在日常生活中發揮作用的能力，
are particularly distressing to the patient, or make them a danger to themselves.
它對病人來說特別痛苦，或者對他們產生了危害。
So your friend who claims to be "a bit OCD" for rearranging their books is… not correct or funny.
所以你的朋友說自己重新整理書是因為“有點兒強迫癥”，這種說法是不正確的或無趣的。
Studies looking at the structure and function of the brain
著眼于大腦結構和功能的研究
have found differences between those with OCD and the typical population.
已經發現了強迫癥患者與重點人群的差異。
And right now, research is trying to nail down which differences cause which symptoms.
現在，研究人員正試圖確定哪些不同導致了哪些癥狀。
Scientists have found that many OCD patients seem to have a problem with a system of brain regions
科學家們發現，許多強迫癥患者似乎是一個大腦區域系統出了問題，
that helps regulate some of the urges we have, from aggression to needing to go to the bathroom.
這一系統有助于調節我們的一些沖動，從進攻到上廁所的沖動。
When this circuit is active, those urges come to your attention.
當該回路活躍時，這些沖動就會引起你的注意。
And the idea is that with OCD, your brain doesn't get the message that you've sated that urge.
這個觀點是：有了強迫癥后，你的大腦不會得到你已經滿足了沖動的信息。
Like, if you went to the bathroom and washed your hands,
比如你去洗手間洗手，
it's basically like, "Have you really washed your hands? They can't be clean. Do it again." ...and so on.
它基本上就是，“你真的洗手了嗎？它們不可能干凈。再洗一次?！薄鹊取?/div>
So with a lot of mental illness, there also tends to be the feeling that someone with these conditions is alone.
因此，在精神疾病很多的情況下，人們會有這樣的感覺：有這些癥狀的人是單個的。
And that's a third misconception: that "OCD is rare."
這就是第三個誤解：“強迫癥很少見?！?/div>
In 2010, researchers looked at data collected in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,
2010年，研究人員查看了“全國共病調查復制”收集的數據，
a nationally representative survey of US adults, to better understand how prevalent OCD could be.
后者是對美國成年人進行得全國代表性調查，以更好地了解強迫癥的流行程度。
From the 2073 responses in a subsample they checked,
研究人員在檢查的子樣品的2073個回復中，
they found that around 2.3% of them met the DSM-IV criteria for lifetime OCD,
發現大約2.3%的人符合DSM-IV的終身強迫癥標準，
and another 1.2% of people in the data set met the criteria for OCD lasting 12 months.
另外1.2%的人符合OCD持續12個月的標準。
And these researchers found that
這些研究人員發現，
more than a quarter of individuals in this subsample didn't meet the threshold for clinical OCD,
子樣品中超過四分之一的患者沒有達到臨床強迫癥的閾值，
but had subclinical obsessions or compulsions at some point in their lives.
但在生命的某個時刻，他們有亞臨床的強迫思維或強迫行為。
Now, people who suffer from disorders like OCD are able to manage their symptoms and live normal lives.
患有障礙比如強迫癥的人能夠控制自己的癥狀并過上正常生活。
And that's the last misconception we'll talk about: that "there's no treatment."
這就是我們最后要討論的誤解：“沒有治療。”
Therapies that focus on changing behavior, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,
專注于改變行為的療法，比如認知行為療法，
can be an effective approach to treating OCD.
可能是治療強迫癥的有效方法。
In these sessions, therapists work with the patient
在療程中，治療師們與病人一起合作
to figure out what fears and anxieties might be feeding compulsions, and help them work through these fears.
找出擴大強迫思維的恐懼和焦慮，并幫助他們克服這些恐懼。
Together, they may eventually work up to not performing rituals,
總之，他們最終可能會終止做某些固定程序，
like reinforcing that nothing's going to happen to their cat if they don't flick the light switch.
比如加強即使不開開關，貓也不會有事的想法。
In many cases, behavioral therapies are combined with serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
在很多案例中，行為療法與羥色胺再攝取抑制劑結合，
which increase the amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin that's available in the brain.
后者能增加大腦中可用神經遞質血清素的數量。
Research suggests that this can help regulate the dysfunctional impulse system,
研究表明，這可以幫助調節機能失調的脈沖系統，
and reduce the severity of obsessions and compulsions.
減輕強迫思維和強迫行為的嚴重程度。
This has been shown to be the most effective overall approach,
它已經被證明是最有效的綜合方法了，
but of course, some treatments may not work for some people.
但有些療法對某些人來說可能無效。
More recently, scientists have been looking into a potential treatment called deep brain stimulation,
最近，科學家們一直在研究一種被稱為深部腦刺激的潛在治療方法，
particularly for people that don't see improvements from therapy or medication.
它特別針對那些沒有從療法或藥物治療中得到改善的人。
This technique uses electrical pulses, delivered through a surgically placed probe,
這項技術使用電脈沖，通過一個外科手術的探針傳遞電流，
to better regulate areas of the brain that aren't behaving typically.
更好地調節大腦中不正常的區域。
Kind of like a pacemaker, but for the brain.
它有點兒像心臟起搏器，卻是針對大腦的。
Deep brain stimulation has been shown to be useful in other diseases, such as Parkinson's,
深部腦刺激在其他疾病，比如帕金森氏癥中已經被證明是有用的，
but it's still in experimental stages for OCD, very few patients have received it so far,
但對于強迫癥來說仍處于實驗階段，到目前為止，很少有病人接受它，
and scientists are still trying to figure out which areas can be stimulated to help.
而且科學家們仍在試圖確定哪些區域的刺激有幫助。
So, mental illness is really complicated, and there's a lot of confusion about disorders like OCD.
所以，精神疾病真的很復雜，很多障礙比如強迫癥仍有很多困惑。
But next time someone jokes that they're "a little OCD," maybe you can set them straight.
但下次有人開玩笑說他們有點兒強迫癥時，你或許可以直接告訴他們事實。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych,
感謝您是本期的心理科學秀，
which wouldn't exist without support from our patrons on Patreon.
它是由Patreon贊助播出的。
If you'd like to and are able to help out, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你愿意并且能夠幫我們擺脫困境，可以登錄patreon.com/scishow。
And, as always, don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
和往常一樣，不要忘了登錄youtube.com/scishowpsych點擊訂閱。
| 重點單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| realistic | [riə'listik] |
想一想再看 adj. 現實的，現實主義的 |
||
| soothe | [su:ð] |
想一想再看 v. 緩和，使 ... 安靜，安慰 |
聯想記憶 | |
| rare | [rɛə] |
想一想再看 adj. 稀罕的，稀薄的，罕見的，珍貴的 |
||
| obsession | [əb'seʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 困擾，沉迷，著魔，妄想 |
聯想記憶 | |
| dispel | [di'spel] |
想一想再看 v. 驅散，驅逐 |
聯想記憶 | |
| urge | [ə:dʒ] |
想一想再看 vt. 驅策，鼓勵，力陳，催促 |
聯想記憶 | |
| stove | [stəuv] |
想一想再看 n. 爐子，火爐窯;烘房；【主英】溫室 |
||
| perform | [pə'fɔ:m] |
想一想再看 v. 執行，運轉，舉行，表演 |
聯想記憶 | |
| survey | [sə:'vei] |
想一想再看 v. 調查，檢查，測量，勘定，縱覽，環視 |
||
| cognitive | ['kɔgnitiv] |
想一想再看 adj. 認知的，認識的，有認識力的 |
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