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Dogs may be man's best friend, but it's hard to tell if the feeling is mutual.
狗可能是人類最好的朋友，但很難說這種感覺是否是相互的。
It's tough to figure out what's going on in anyone's head, let alone a species that can't talk.
我們很難弄清楚人們的腦子里在想什么，更不用說一個不能說話的物種了。
But there are techniques researchers use to look for emotions in animals,
但是研究人員有一些技術用來尋找動物的情感，
and studies suggest that dogs do form deep emotional bonds with people.
研究表明，狗確實會與人形成深厚的情感紐帶。
And their ability to do that might be why they became our best friends in the first place.
它們的這種能力可能就是為什么它們一開始就能成為我們最好的朋友。
Dogs certainly do things that seem loving,
狗確實會做一些看起來很有愛的事情，
and not just when they snuggle up to you on the couch for some extra pats.
不僅僅是在沙發上依偎著你讓你多拍拍。
Research suggests that your dog has your back, for example, and will snub those who snub you.
舉個例子，研究表明，你的狗有了你的支持后會冷落那些冷落你的人。
And if it seems like your pup tries to console you when you're sad, that might not be your imagination.
而且你的小狗似乎會在你難過時試著安慰你，這可能不是你的想象。
In studies, they do seem to display empathetic concern,
在研究中，它們似乎表現出了同情關懷，
like nuzzling a person when they're sobbing, or becoming anxious at the sound of an infant crying.
比如，在一個人哭泣時用鼻子愛撫他，或者在聽到嬰兒哭時變得焦慮。
Dogs are also able to distinguish among human emotions by smell alone
狗也能只通過嗅覺分辨人類情感，
because how we feel changes the chemicals in our sweat.
因為我們的感受改變了汗液中的化學物質。
So even if you're putting on a brave face, they probably still know you're sad.
所以即使你表現得很勇敢，它們可能仍會知道你很難過。
But none of that is love, per se.
但這些本質上都不是愛。
To find evidence for emotions, researchers have looked to see
為了找到情感證據，研究人員已經研究
if dogs exhibit the same physiological responses we do when we feel things.
當我們感受某物時，狗的生理反應是否和我們一樣了。
For example, a 2015 study used fMRI, which monitors brain activity based on blood flow,
例如，2015年的一項研究使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）監測基于血液流動的大腦活動，
to look at how 12 dogs reacted to the smell of themselves,
觀察12只狗是如何對自己、
people they knew, strangers, and familiar and unfamiliar dogs.
認識之人、陌生人以及熟悉與不熟悉的狗的氣味作出反應的。
The scent of people they knew activated an area of the brain that the other smells didn't:
它們認識之人的氣味激活了它們的一個大腦區域，而其他氣味則沒有：
the caudate nucleus, the same part of the brain's reward system
這個區域叫尾巢，與人腦的獎賞系統相同，
that activates when we humans look at pictures of people we love.
后者在我們看到所愛之人的照片時，就會活躍起來。
Other lines of research have looked at oxytocin levels.
其他研究觀察了催產素水平。
Oxytocin is sometimes called the 'love hormone,'
催產素有時被稱為“愛荷爾蒙”，
which is a major oversimplification of how it affects your body and brain,
這是它影響你身體和大腦的主要過度簡化，
but it does seem to play a big part in creating and maintaining emotional bonds.
但它似乎在創造和維持情感紐帶方面發揮著重要作用。
And when you interact with people you love, like when you hold your baby, or flirt with your partner,
當你和所愛之人互動時，比如你抱著你的孩子，或者和你的伴侶調情，
the levels of oxytocin in your blood and saliva jump.
你血液和唾液中的催產素水平就會上升。
Studies have found that there's a similar rise when you play with your dog, for both you and them,
研究發現，你在和你的狗玩耍時，你們的催產素水平也會上升，
and that just gazing into each other's eyes can be enough to cause a mutual spike.
而且僅僅凝視對方的眼睛就足以引起這種共同飆升。
But that doesn't necessarily mean that your dog loves you, or that you love your dog.
但這并不意味著你的狗愛你，或者你愛你的狗。
Psychologists are quick to note that it's impossible to prove emotions with physiological tests.
心理學家很快發現，用生理測試來證明情感是不可能的。
Even with people, blood tests don't equal feelings.
即使對人來說，血液測試也不等于感覺。
You can ask if someone loves you,
你可以問別人是否愛你，
but there's no lab result that can tell you if they mean it when they say yes.
但是沒有實驗結果可以告訴你，他們說“是”時是否出于真心。
So a lot of our understanding of dogs' emotions comes from the same techniques used in studies on emotions in humans,
所以我們對狗狗情感的許多理解來自于我們用于人類情感研究的相同技術，
especially humans that can't convey their feelings verbally, like babies.
尤其是那些無法用語言表達情感的人類，比如嬰兒。
Psychologists study infant attachment by looking for certain key behaviors:
心理學家通過尋找某些關鍵行為來研究嬰兒依戀：
things like seeking physical closeness with their caregivers,
比如，他們尋求與看護人身體上的親密接觸，
becoming more adventurous when they're nearby, and being distressed when they're separated.
當看護人在身邊時，他們會更冒險，當與看護人分開時會緊張。
And multiple studies have found that the bond between dogs and their owners
多項研究發現，狗與其主人之間的關系
is super similar to the bond between children and their caregivers.
與兒童與其看護人之間的聯系非常相似。
For example, both babies and dogs have done Strange Situation Procedure tests,
比如，嬰兒和狗都進行了奇怪情景程序測試（Strange Situation Procedure tests），
where you watch them while they're left in a room either alone, with a stranger,
在測試中，他們或單獨、或與陌生人一起、
with their parent or owner, or with some other combination of people.
或與其父母或主人一起或與其他組合之人一起留在房間，這時你觀察他們。
And while both babies and dogs seek physical closeness with their person,
雖然嬰兒和狗都尋求與人的親密身體接觸，
they also tend to display more independence
但他們的看護人在場時，他們會與陌生人進行更多的探索或互動得更積極，
by exploring or reacting more positively to strangers when their caregiver is around.
傾向于表現出更多的獨立性。
That's probably because their caregiver acts as a safe base of support,
這可能是因為他們的看護人充當了一個安全的支持基礎，
giving them the security they need to take risks.
在他們需要冒險時給了他們安全感。
Both babies and dogs also tend to get distraught when their person leaves
嬰兒和狗在人們離開時也會變得心煩意亂
and seek comfort from them when they return,
并在他們回來時尋求其安慰，
suggesting they're a kind of "safe haven" that reduces stress.
這表明他們是一種可以減壓的“安全港”。
Studies like these have even revealed different attachment styles in dogs,
這樣的研究甚至揭示了狗狗的不同依戀類型，
similar to what's been described for how people bond with their parents.
這與人們和其父母之間的紐帶描述類似。
It makes sense that babies and dogs have similar types of bonds with those that raise them.
嬰兒和狗與各自撫養人有相似的紐帶類型，這是有道理的。
Dogs are a social species, too,
狗也是一個社會物種，
and when they're young, they rely entirely on whomever cares for them to survive.
當它們小的時候，完全依賴于任何關心其生存的人。
Scientists think that in humans, that reliance is part of why we form such strong social bonds.
科學家們認為，在人類中，這種依賴是我們形成強大社會紐帶的原因之一。
So it wouldn't be too surprising if dogs have similar psychological pathways to reinforce their own social bonds.
因此，狗有類似的心理途徑來強化自己的社會關系就不足為奇了。
And some researchers think their ability to form these bonds especially across species,
一些研究人員認為，狗狗形成這些紐帶的能力，尤其是跨物種之間的關聯，
is a big part of why they ended up being our companions.
是它們成為我們伙伴的重要原因
They connect with us in a way we find meaningful.
它們以一種我們覺得有意義的方式與我們聯系。
So, the science does suggest that your dog is deeply attached to you.
所以，科學表明你的狗深深地依戀著你。
But attachment doesn't necessarily translate to love.
但依戀并不一定會轉化為愛。
Psychologists still debate whether love can be measured,
心理學家們還在爭論，如果非人類動物有感知愛的認知能力的話，
if non-human animals are cognitively capable of feeling it, or even what love really is.
它能否被衡量，或者愛到底是什么。
Science can tell you that certain chemicals spike when your dog interacts with you,
科學可以告訴你，當你的狗與你互動時，它的某些化學物質會飆升，
and show the strength of their attachment.
并顯示出它們依戀的力量。
But whether that really means your dog loves you is a question science can't fully answer.
但這是否真的意味著你的狗愛你是一個問題，而且科學不能完全回答。
You'll just have to look into those big round eyes, scratch an ear, and decide for yourself.
你只需要自己看那些大大的圓眼睛，撓撓耳朵，然后自己決定。
SciShow Psych is a production of Complexly,
心理科學秀是由Complexly出品的，
which brings you over a dozen channels, like The Financial Diet.
Complexly還有十幾個頻道，比如The Financial Diet。
Here's Chelsea, from TFD to talk more about it.
這是切爾西，從TFD帶來更多消息。
If you want to learn more about how to be a person in the world
如果你想了解更多關于人如何在世界上成功，
and make the tough parts of adulthood not so scary,
讓成年的艱難歲月不那么可怕，
you should check out The Financial Diet, on of SciShow Psych's sister channels.
可以在心理科學秀的姊妹頻道查看The Financial Diet。
We talk about money, everything from how to save it, to how to spend it,
我們會談論金錢，從如何儲蓄、到如何消費，
to what to do when you owe a lot of it,
到你欠很多錢的時候如何做等方方面面，
because even though you don't want to think about money,
因為即使你不想考慮錢，
life is so much better when you know how to handle it.
但生活只有在你知道如何處理它的時候才會變好。
So check out The Financial Diet at the link in the description. See you there!
所以在描述的鏈接中查看The Financial Diet吧，我們不見不散！
