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Most of us dig cheese. Like, really dig cheese.
我們大多數人都喜歡吃奶酪，我們真得喜歡奶酪。
Sure, it's not so great for the waistline, but… pizza, you know?
當然，這對腰圍來說并不好，但是…披薩，你懂得！
But if you find yourself adding parmesan to everything,
如果你發現自己在所有食物上都加帕爾馬干酪，
maybe your appreciation for curdled milk isn't just a passion, maybe it's an addiction.
那么你對凝乳的欣賞也許就不僅僅是酷愛了，而是上癮。
No, really! Haven't you heard?
不，這是真得！你沒聽說過嗎？
According to SCIENCE, cheese is just as addictive as crack!
《科學》雜志上說，奶酪和可卡因一樣容易讓人上癮！
Cue the ominous music! Bam-buh-ba-nah!
提示一種不祥的音樂！吧吧-吧-吧-哪！
But before you trash your gruyere to go cold turkey,
但你在把格魯耶爾干酪抹在冷火雞上之前，
let's take a moment to examine where headlines like that come from.
我們先花點兒時間檢查一下這樣的標題從何而來。
They're usually sensationalized reporting on pretty tame research findings,
它們通常用聳人聽聞的方式報道相當平淡的研究結果，
like that cheeses contain weak, opioid-like painkillers.
比如那些奶酪含有近似鴉片的溫和止痛藥。
The truth is, few things are really as addictive as cocaine.
事實上，很少有東西像可卡因那樣讓人上癮。
There are three major kinds of studies that lead to scary headlines like that:
這樣聳人聽聞的標題源于三類主要研究：
preference tests in animals, behavioral studies of people, and brain scans.
動物的偏好測試，人類的行為研究以及腦部掃描。
One way scientists can gauge addictive potential is by dosing lab animals with the substance in question
科學家們可以通過給實驗動物服用存在問題的物質來測量其潛在的上癮程度，
and seeing if they show a preference for it later on.
并觀察它們以后是否對它產生偏好。
For example, if researchers inject rats with morphine in a certain chamber,
例如，如果研究人員在特定房間給老鼠注射嗎啡，
the animals are very keen to return to that chamber ... go figure.
老鼠會非常渴望回到那個房間……想想看吧。
I mean, think about it, if you always got a great present in a certain room,
我的意思是，想想看，如果你總在某個房間得到一件很棒的禮物，
you'd be pretty excited to go back, too.
你也會激動地回去。
When it comes to cheese addiction, though,
不過，當說到奶酪時，
they're not just main-veining mozzarella into the little guys.
它們不僅僅是小孩酷愛的馬蘇里拉奶酪。
Some people made the drug-cheese connection because cheeses contain casomorphins,
有些人將毒藥和奶酪聯系在一起，因為奶酪包含酪啡肽，
which studies have shown can act like super mild opioid painkillers.
研究表明，酪啡肽可以起到非常溫和的類鴉片止痛藥的作用。
But when researchers inject casomorphins into rats,
但當研究人員將酪啡肽注射到老鼠體內時，
they show no preference for the places where they were injected with them,
它們并沒有對注射地點產生偏好，
suggesting that they don't really have addictive potential.
這表明它們沒有上癮潛力。
There's also no evidence that casomorphins make their way to the brain following cheese consumption.
同時沒有證據表明奶酪被消耗之后，酪啡肽會進入大腦。
The compounds are pretty easily broken down in our stomachs.
這些化合物很容易在我們的胃里分解。
So casomorphins in your diet aren't going to leave you jonesing.
所以，飲食中所含的酪啡肽不會讓你上癮。
But that doesn't necessarily prove that cheese isn't addictive, especially since we aren't rodents.
但這并不能證明奶酪不會讓人上癮，尤其在我們不是嚙齒類動物的情況下。
So, researchers can also look for addictiveness more directly by analyzing people's behaviors.
于是，研究人員也通過分析人類行為來更直接地尋找成癮因素。
For example, they can look at whether different foods are related to addictive-like eating,
例如，他們觀察不同食物是否與上癮飲食有關，
things like having cravings, or feeling like you just can't stop yourself eating something.
后者的表現通常是渴望或情不自禁地吃某些食物。
And studies with hundreds of participants have identified
幾項數百人參與的研究已經確定
cheese as one of the foods associated with these addictive-like behaviors.
奶酪是與這些上癮行為有關的食物之一。
But cheese doesn't come out on the top of such lists, instead, it's middle of the pack:
但是奶酪并不位居榜首，相反，它處于名單的中間位置，
just 16th out of 35 in one 2015 study, for example.
例如，2015年對35種食物進行的一項研究中，它排在第16位。
That's below the likes of chocolate, ice cream, and french fries.
這比巧克力、冰淇淋和炸薯條的排行都要低。
But for some reason, when that paper came out, everyone fixated on the cheese.
但是出于某種原因，論文發表后，每個人都盯著奶酪。
Even if cheese was number 1, doctors point out that
即使奶酪排名第一，但醫生指出，
addictive-like behaviors are called addictive-like, not addictions, for a reason.
這樣近似上癮的行為被稱為“addictive-like”，而不是上癮，這是有原因的。
While addictive-like eating does share some similarities with drug addictions,
雖然近似上癮的飲食確實與毒癮有一些相似之處，
many psychologists note the characteristics of the two only partially overlap.
但許多心理學家注意到這兩個癥狀的特征只是部分重疊。
Drug addictions have the potential to be much more severe.
毒癮有可能變得更加嚴重。
There's little evidence that we experience withdrawal symptoms from any type of food,
比如，幾乎沒有證據表明我們經歷過任何食物的脫癮癥狀，
for example, and we rarely choose eating over more interesting activities, like hanging with friends.
而且我們會選擇更有趣的活動，比如和朋友一起玩，而不是吃東西。
When we talk about addiction to hard drugs like cocaine,
當我們談到對烈性毒品如可卡因上癮時，
we're talking things that you'd lose your house over, not just what tempts you at the buffet.
我們會說你會失去你的房子，而不僅僅是自助餐上誘惑你的食物。
We simply don't hear about people spending their last dollars on gorgonzola.
坦白地說，我們沒聽說人們會把最后的錢花在戈爾根朱勒干酪上。
And that's in spite of the fact that cheese does activate some of the same parts in your brain as addictive drugs.
盡管奶酪確實與成癮毒藥激活的大腦某部位相同。
It's well established that the stuff we get addicted to causes dopamine release in our brain's reward system,
我們可以確定，上癮的東西會導致大腦獎賞系統釋放多巴胺，
key areas that give us a sense of wellbeing and pleasure.
大腦獎賞系統是指給我們帶來幸福愉悅感的關鍵區域。
That's something researchers have seen using fMRIs,
研究人員使用磁力共振影像掃描機觀察它，
which estimate activation of brain regions by monitoring blood flow.
通過監測血液流動來估測大腦區域的激活程度。
And when people are shown tasty treats while undergoing an fMRI,
當人們在fMRI觀察過程中看到美食盛宴時，
that same reward system which plays a large role in the formation of addiction does become active.
在成癮形成中起重要作用的相同獎賞系統會變得活躍。
But, even though on the surface that sounds like hard evidence
盡管表面看起來這是個鐵證，
that food and drug addictions are one and the same,
食物和毒藥上癮是一回事，
many scientists argue it's a bit of a red herring.
但許多科學家認為這與事實不相干。
It's no surprise that yummy stuff activates the reward circuit, that's literally what the system is there for:
美食激活獎賞回路并不奇怪，因為這就是獎賞系統的作用：
to motivate us to do things that keep up alive, like fuel our bodies.
激勵我們去做那些讓自己保持活力的事情，比如補充身體的能量。
Drug addiction takes advantage of that, it hijacks and artificially stimulates the reward system already in place.
毒藥成癮利用了這一點，它劫持并人為地刺激已經存在的獎賞系統。
What's more, the dopamine release in the brain from an addictive drug like cocaine
更重要的是，大腦因可卡因等上癮毒藥釋放的多巴胺
can be anywhere from two to ten times higher than inherently enjoyable things, such as food.
可以比食物等天性快樂物質刺激釋放的多巴胺高兩到十倍。
And addictive drugs don't just activate the reward system once, they create a cycle of dependence
成癮毒藥不是一次性激活獎賞系統，它創造了一個依賴循環，
because the brain dampens its dopamine response each time,
因為大腦每次都會抑制多巴胺反應，
so more and more of the drug is needed to get the same high.
所以需要更多的毒藥來達到同樣的高潮。
There's no consistent evidence that this happens with food,
沒有一致證據表明食物也如此，
even in people who have eating disorders that involve pathological binging.
即使是那些飲食失調的人也會有病態的暴飲暴食。
That said, there is a lively ongoing debate amongst psychologists
也就是說，心理學家們正在進行一場激烈的辯論，
as to whether obese sufferers of Binge Eating Disorder, or B.E.D,
是關于肥胖癥患者是否患有暴食癥（B.E.D）的。
are genetically predisposed to experience a 'drug like hit' from sugary, fatty foods.
暴食癥是指他們從基因上講，是否傾向于對高糖高脂肪食物上癮。
But even if food addictions are a thing for that specific subset of people with that disorder,
但是即使食物上癮對于那些患有此類疾病的特定人群來說是件大事，
that doesn't automatically make cheese or any food, "as addictive as crack" to the general population.
但也不能不假思索地認為奶酪或任何食物會讓普通人像毒藥一樣上癮。
That would be like saying because some people are compulsive exercisers,
這就像說，因為有些人是強迫鍛煉者，
running is as addictive as heroin.
所以跑步和海洛因一樣容易上癮。
While there is some evidence that cheese is more likely than some foods to be consumed in a problematic manner,
雖然有證據表明，奶酪比某些食物更容易以有問題的方式被食用，
and it does act as a reward,
而且它確實是一種獎勵，
we currently don't have any reason to believe that your favorite brie has the same addictive qualities as cocaine.
但我們目前沒有理由相信，你最喜歡的布里干酪有和可卡因一樣令人上癮的品質。
So, by all means be mindful that your eating habits are driven by sensible dietary choices,
所以，務必注意，你的飲食習慣是由合理的飲食選擇驅動的，
but don't mind throwing some cheese in there now and then.
但是不要介意偶爾往里面扔些奶酪。
After all, cheese isn't exactly as addictive as crack.
畢竟，奶酪并不像可卡因那樣容易讓人上癮。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝您收看本期的心理科學秀！
If you want to learn more about what happens during addictions,
如果你想了解更多上癮期間的表現，
check out our episode on the science of sugar addiction.
請查看我們那期“糖類上癮的科學”視頻。
