評論
打印
You're having a perfectly good morning,
你正感覺早晨相當美好，
and then you walk into the kitchen and see it: the dreaded Post-It note.
接著就在廚房里看到了它：可怕的便利貼。
It's stuck above the dishes you were totally going to do
它貼在你要洗的碗碟上，
or the trash you're definitely planning to take out.
或者你計劃扔掉的垃圾上。
It has a smiley face, but the real message is clear.
它畫著一張笑臉，但真正的信息卻很清楚。
That thing you didn't think was a problem? Yeah, apparently it's a problem.
你覺得這不是個問題？是的，它顯然是。
We've all been on the receiving end of passive-aggressive behavior…
我們一直都是消極攻擊行為的接受者，
and maybe even been guilty of it ourselves.
并一直為此感到內疚。
Honestly, it kind of feels like an unfortunate but normal part of social interaction.
老實說，它就像一種不幸但正常的社會互動。
But in psychology, the idea is a lot more controversial.
但在心理學上，這個觀點更有爭議性。
Psychologists define passive-aggressive behavior as a deliberate but covert way of expressing feelings of anger.
心理學家將消極攻擊行為定義為故意而隱蔽地表達憤怒情緒的方式。
And it's not just Post-Its—this behavior can take a lot of forms,
它不是只有便利貼這一種表現形式，
from the silent treatment to sarcasm and pointed jokes.
還有從沉默相待到諷刺尖銳的笑話等許多形式。
It can also include indirect violence—like slamming around pots and pans—
它還包括間接暴力，比如把鍋碗瓢盆弄得當當響，
and unhelpful one-word responses... you know, like: Sure...Whatever...Fine.
以及用Sure...Whatever...Fine等單個詞敷衍回答。
But one of the weird things about passive-aggressive behavior is how complicated its history is.
消極攻擊行為的一個奇怪之處是它歷史復雜。
The term "passive-aggressive" originated in the American military during World War II.
“消極攻擊”一詞起源于二戰期間的美國軍隊。
It was used to describe soldiers who refused to comply with orders in a particular way.
它被用來形容那些用特殊方法拒絕服從命令的士兵。
Rather than refusing outright, these soldiers sulked, procrastinated, and were deliberately inefficient.
這些士兵沒有直接拒絕，而是用生悶氣、拖延，故意低效的方式反抗。
And yes, it annoyed the heck out of the officers.
這惹惱了軍官們。
So, when the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders, or DSM, was published in 1952,
因此，當第一版《疾病診斷與統計手冊》(DSM)在1952年出版時，
psychologists basically just copied-and-pasted this stuff in
心理學家就把這些東西大體都復制粘貼到了上面，
and called it passive-aggressive personality disorder.
并稱它為被動攻擊型人格障礙。
And, at the time, it seemed to be a pretty good working definition of a real condition.
當時，它似乎是對真實情況恰當可行的定義。
In 1966, passive-aggressive personality disorder was diagnosed in 3% of patients in public psychiatric hospitals
1966年，有3%公立精神病院的病人被確診為被動攻擊型人格障礙。
and 9% of those who visited outpatient clinics, where people don't stay overnight.
9%到不留夜的門診就醫的病人確診。
But by the time the fourth edition of the DSM was published, it had become more controversial.
但當第四版DSM出版時，它變得更具爭議性。
It ended up getting pulled from the main text, put into the appendix,
它最終被踢出正文，被放到了附錄中，
tweaked, and renamed negativistic personality disorder.
調整后被重新命名為抗拒性人格障礙。
And in the DSM-5, it no longer appears at all.
在第5版DSM中，它不再出現。
But psychologists still argue about it.
但心理學家仍然對此爭論不休。
Some papers even have dramatic titles, like "The Demise of a Syndrome."
有些報紙甚至用了引人注目的標題，如“一種綜合癥的消亡”。
Those who criticize the idea of passive-aggressive personality disorder think one of the big problems is that
那些批評被動攻擊型人格障礙的人認為，它存在的一個嚴重問題是
there's a difference between being frustrated by an annoying behavior and pathologizing it.
被惱人的行為挫敗與病態化是有區別的。
They argue that it's a response to certain situations, not an ingrained personality trait.
他們認為它是對某些情況的反應，而不是一種根深蒂固的性格特征。
Plus, they think the disorder overlaps too much with other personality disorders
另外，他們認為這種障礙與其他人格障礙重疊過多，
and focuses on too narrow of a set of behaviors.
而且關注一套行為的范圍過窄。
And then there's the fact that there aren't a whole lot of direct studies observing and measuring it,
事實上，沒有很多直接的研究觀察和測量它，
though, to be fair, that's true of most personality disorders.
不過，公平地說，大多數人格障礙都是如此。
Still, there are some arguments for passive-aggressive personality disorder as a thing.
現在還有一些關于被動攻擊型人格障礙的爭論。
Studies published in 2009 and 2012 found that
2009年和2012年發表的研究發現，
the definition of passive-aggressive personality disorder more accurately
被動攻擊型人格障礙的定義比抗拒性人格障礙的定義更能準確地
described the symptoms and experiences of the subjects than that of negativistic personality disorder.
描述受試者的癥狀和經歷。
And even if this behavior only appears situationally, it's possible that it's based in a stable personality trait.
即使這種行為只在某種情境中出現，但也可能是基于穩定的人格特質。
A paper published in 1970 followed up with 100 patients
1970年發表的一篇論文追蹤了100名患者，
who were diagnosed with passive-aggressive personality disorder after 15 years.
15年后，他們被診斷出患有被動攻擊型人格障礙。
And the researchers found that these patients' symptoms were fairly stable over the long term.
研究人員發現，這些患者的癥狀在長期內相當穩定。
But whether or not it's a personality disorder, psychologists seem to agree that
但不管消極攻擊行為是不是一種人格障礙，心理學家似乎都同意
there are fairly strong theoretical underpinnings of passive-aggressive behavior.
它的理論基礎相當堅實。
At least one study has suggested that there might be a genetic component to it.
至少有一項研究表明它可能有遺傳成分。
But more research seems to support the idea
但更多的研究似乎支持一種觀點，
that it can be the result of things like ineffective parenting, neglect, and abuse.
即它可能是無效養育、忽視和虐待等行為的結果。
Essentially, the idea is that if a child grows up with situations
這個觀點的本質是，如果一個孩子成長的環境
where it's not appropriate to express anger or disagreement,
不適合表達憤怒或不同意見，
they find ways to be defiant that are socially acceptable and won't result in bad consequences.
那么他們會找一種能被社會接受，又不會導致糟糕結果的挑釁方法。
Along these lines, a 2003 study had 62 heterosexual couples keep daily diaries for three weeks.
沿著這些思路，2003年的一項研究讓62對異性戀情侶連續三周每天都寫日記。
And the researchers found that people who were more sensitive to rejection
研究人員發現，那些對拒絕更敏感的人
were more likely to use passive strategies in a disagreement.
更傾向于在分歧中使用消極策略。
Specifically, those people were more likely to stay silent to avoid arguments,
具體來說，這些人更傾向于保持沉默以避免爭論，
to withdraw rather than expressing hostility,
退縮而不是表達敵意，
and to be less loving to their partners after they argued.
并且在爭吵之后減少對伴侶的愛意。
So it seems like there are some consistent reasons why people might act passive-aggressively.
因此，似乎有一些一致理由可以解釋人們為什么會采取消極被動的行為。
That said, all this isn't great.
也就是說，所有這些都不好。
Although passive-aggressive behavior may help in certain situations,
雖然消極攻擊行為在某些情況下可能有幫助，
in most cases, it's a frustrating and unproductive way to deal with conflict.
但在大多數情況下，它是一種處理沖突的無效方式。
So what can you do about it?
那么你能做些什么呢？
In terms of therapy and treatment… there isn't enough research right now to say
在理療和治療方面，現在還沒有足夠的研究說明
whether counseling can really help people whose lives are seriously impacted by their passive-aggressive behavior.
咨詢是否真能幫助那些深受消極攻擊行為影響的人們。
But for passive-aggressiveness in your day-to-day life, psychologists do have a few pointers.
但針對你日常的消極攻擊行為，心理學家給出了幾點建議。
You can pay attention to whether you might be triggering this kind of response
你可以通過變得極度沮喪或自我消極攻擊
by getting extremely upset or being passive-aggressive yourself.
來關注自己是否會觸發這種反應。
And you can also try actively encouraging open, honest conversations.
你也可以嘗試積極鼓勵開誠布公的對話。
But mostly, more research needs to be done to better understand passive-aggressive behavior
但大多數情況下，我們需要更多的研究來更好地理解消極攻擊行為，
and to settle the debates once and for all.
并一次性解決所有爭論。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝您收看本期的心理科學秀！
If you want to learn more about behaviors that can be not so great in relationships,
如果你想了解更多關系中的不合適行為，
check out our episode on codependency.
可以看看情感依賴癥的那期節目。
