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The Hohenstaufen family which got hold of the Imperial German Throne shortly afterwards, were even more independent than their predecessors. Gregory had claimed that the Popes were superior to all kings because they (the Popes) at the Day of Judgement would be responsible for the behaviour of all the sheep of their flock, and in the eyes of God, a king was one of that faithful herd.
不久之后，奪取了德意志帝國皇位的霍亨施陶芬家族變得比他們的前任更為獨立，更不把教皇放在眼里。格利高里曾經宣稱，教皇超越于所有世俗的君主之上，因為末日審判那一天到來時，教皇必須為他所照管的羊群里每一只羊的行為負責，而在上帝眼里，一名國王不過是這個龐大羊群的眾多忠實牧羊人之一。
Frederick of Hohenstaufen, commonly known as Barbarossa or Red Beard, set up the counter-claim that the Empire had been bestowed upon his predecessor "by God himself" and as the Empire included Italy and Rome, he began a campaign which was to add these "lost provinces" to the northern country. Barbarossa was accidentally drowned in Asia Minor during the second Crusade, but his son Frederick II, a brilliant young man who in his youth had been exposed to the civilisation of the Mohammedans of Sicily, continued the war. The Popes accused him of heresy. It is true that Frederick seems to have felt a deep and serious contempt for the rough Christian world of the North, for the boorish German Knights and the intriguing Italian priests. But he held his tongue, went on a Crusade and took Jerusalem from the infidel and was duly crowned as King of the Holy City. Even this act did not placate the Popes. They deposed Frederick and gave his Italian possessions to Charles of Anjou, the brother of that King Louis of Francewho became famous as Saint Louis.
霍亨施陶芬家族的弗里德里希，通常被人稱為紅胡 子巴巴羅薩，他提出了一個理論來反對教皇的理論。他宣稱，神圣羅馬帝國是經"上帝本人的恩許"，賦予他的先祖掌管的。既然帝國的疆域包括意大利和羅馬，他要發動一場正義的戰爭，以收復這些"失去的行省"。不過在參加第二次十字軍東征時，弗里德里希在小亞細亞意外溺死。繼承王位的是他的兒子弗里德里希二世。這位年輕人精明強干，風度依然，很小的時候便受過西西里島穆斯林文明的陶冶。他繼續與教皇作對。教皇指控弗里德里希二世犯下了異端邪說罪。說實話，弗里德里希倒是真的對北方基督教界的粗獷作風、德國騎士的平庸愚笨以及意大利教士之陰險狡詐，懷有深刻而認真的蔑視。不過他保持沉默，投人十字軍作戰，從異教徒手里奪回了耶路撒冷，并因此被封為圣城之王，即便立下如此輝煌的護教功勛，也沒能安慰心情惡劣的教皇們。他們把弗里德里希逐出教會，將他的意大利屬地授予安如的查理，即著名的法王圣路易的兄弟。
