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It's hard to read Fischer and Osaranu's study and not be just a little bit alarmed,
在讀過費舍和奧若薩魯的報告后，很難再認為這只是個小小的警告，
because a hint is the hardest kind of request to decode and the easiest to refuse.
因為暗示是一種最不容易被理解的要求，
In the 1982 Air Florida crash outside Washington, DC,
同時又最容易被拒絕。在1982年發生的華盛頓特區以外的佛羅里達航班墜機事件中，
the first official tried three times to tell the captain that the plane had a dangerous amount ice on its wings.
副駕曾經三次試圖向機長說明，機翼上的薄冰會使飛機處于危險之中。
But listen to how he says it.
但是聽聽他是怎樣說的，
It's all hints:
每一次都在使用暗示的方式。
First official: Look at how the ice is just hanging on his, ah, back, back there, see that?
副駕：“看看，冰怎么會掛在那，啊，后面，就在后面，看到嗎？”
Then: First official tries again.
然后副駕又說了一遍。
See all those icicles on the back there and everything?
“后面有很多冰柱，看到了嗎？”
And then: Boy, this is a, this is a losing battle here on trying de-ice those things,
第三次，副駕說：“天啊，這場，這場除冰的斗爭中我們輸掉了，
it gives you a false feeling of security, that's all that does.
這會帶來安全上的錯覺，都是因為除冰失敗造成的。”
Finally, as they get clearance for take off, the first official upgrades two notches to a crew suggestion:
最后當他們接到指令說可以起飛時，副駕提高了兩個提出建議的層次，提升到隊員建議，
Let's check those wing tops again, since we've been sitting here a while.
副駕說：“讓我們再檢查一下機翼頂端，既然我們還要再等一下。”
Captain: I think we get to go here in a minute.
機長說：“我認為我們要在一分鐘之內到達指定地點。”
The last thing the first official says to the captain,
副駕對機長說的最后一件事，
It's a simple statement of fact- and this time the captain agrees with him.
只是簡單的事實陳述，在那一刻機長也同意了他的看法。
First Official: Larry, we're going down, Larry.
副駕說：“拉里，我們在下沉，拉里。”
Captain: I know it.
機長說到：“我知道。”
Mitigation explains one of the great anomalies of plane crashes.
舒緩語氣使我們了解了飛機失事中最無法解釋的原因之一。
In commercial airlines, captains and first officials split the flying duties equally.
在商用飛機中，機長和副駕承擔的飛行職責是相等的。
But historically, crashes have been far more likely to happen when the captain is in the "flying seat."
但是，從以往的記錄來看，通常機長執行飛行任務的時候，事故出現的頻率更多。
At first that seems to make no sense, since the captain is almost almost the pilot with the most experience.
這個結論會讓大家覺得不可思議，因為機長通常是經驗最豐富的飛行員。
But think about the Air Florida crash.
但是想想佛羅里達的航班墜機事件，
If the first official had been the captain, would he have hinted three times?
如果副駕處在機長的位置，他還需要做出三次暗示嗎？
No, he would have commanded- and the plane wouldn't have crashed.
不，他可能會立即下達命令——那么飛機就不會墜落。
Planes are safer when the least experienced pilot is flying because it means the second pilot isn't going to be afraid to speak up.
由經驗不是很豐富的人來駕駛飛機其實更安全，因為這意味著副駕不會過多顧慮上下級關系，直接講出危險。
