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Sadness is part of the human experience,
悲傷是人類必經(jīng)的感受，
but for centuries there has been vast disagreement over exactly what it is and what, if anything, to do about it.
但幾個世紀(jì)以來，人們既沒有判斷出它到底是什么也不知我們應(yīng)該以怎樣的態(tài)度去面對它。
In its simplest terms, sadness is often thought of as the natural reaction to a difficult situation.
簡單來說，悲傷常被人們理解為面對艱難處境時的自然反應(yīng)。
You feel sad when a friend moves away or when a pet dies.
朋友搬走了或是寵物死了你都會感到悲傷。
When a friend says, "I'm sad," you often respond by asking, "What happened?"
當(dāng)一個朋友說“我好傷心”時，你經(jīng)常會問他們“發(fā)生什么了？”
But your assumption that sadness has an external cause outside the self is a relatively new idea.
但你對于悲傷是由外界因素導(dǎo)致的假設(shè)還是個比較新的想法。
Ancient Greek doctors didn't view sadness that way.
古希臘醫(yī)生可不是這么看待悲傷的。
They believed it was a dark fluid inside the body.
他們覺得悲傷是體內(nèi)一種深色的液體。
According to their humoral system, the human body and soul were controlled by four fluids, known as humors,
根據(jù)他們創(chuàng)造的體液系統(tǒng)理論，人體和靈魂是由四種體液控制的，
and their balance directly influenced a person's health and temperament.
于是它們之間的平衡會直接影響到一個人的健康和性情。
Melancholia comes from melaina kole, the word for black bile, the humor believed to cause sadness.
精神憂郁來自于一種叫Melaina Kole，也就是黑膽汁，一種被認(rèn)為會產(chǎn)生悲傷的體液。
By changing your diet and through medical practices, you could bring your humors into balance.
改善伙食和醫(yī)療手段都可以有效地使你的體液處于平衡狀態(tài)。
Even though we now know much more about the systems that govern the human body,
雖然現(xiàn)在我們對控制人類身體的系統(tǒng)了解已經(jīng)很多了，
these Greek ideas about sadness resonate with current views,
這些古希臘人有關(guān)于悲傷的想法還是可以和當(dāng)今的觀點產(chǎn)生共鳴，
not on the sadness we all occasionally feel, but on clinical depression.
不僅僅是我們偶爾會感到的悲傷，也包括醫(yī)學(xué)上所說的憂郁。
Doctors believe that certain kinds of long-term, unexplained emotional states
醫(yī)生們認(rèn)為有些長期無法解釋的感情狀態(tài)
are at least partially related to brain chemistry, the balance of various chemicals present inside the brain.
和大腦內(nèi)部各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)的平衡多少有些關(guān)系。
