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Aristotle
亞里士多德
Aristotle was bom in Stageira, Chalcidice, in 384 BC. His father was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Aristotle was trained and educated as a member of the aristocracy. At about the age of eighteen, he went to Athens to continue his education at Plato’s Academy. Aristotle remained at the academy for nearly twenty years before quitting Athens in 347 BC. The traditional story about his departure reports that he was disappointed with the direction the academy took after control passed to Plato's nephew Speusippus upon his death.
亞里士多德于公元前384年出生于色雷斯的斯塔基拉，父親是馬其頓王的御醫(yī)。從小亞里士多德在貴族家庭環(huán)境里長大。在18歲的時候，亞里士多德被送到雅典的柏拉圖學園學習，此后20年間亞里士多德一直住在學園，直至老師柏拉圖在公元前347年去世。柏拉圖去世后，學園的領導權轉移到柏拉圖的侄子Speusippus,學園的學術傾向令亞里士多德感到失望，他便離開了雅典。
He then traveled in Asia Minor on the invitation of his friend Hermias. There, Aristotle married Hermias’ adoptive daughter (or niece) Pythias. She bore him a daughter. Soon after Hermias' death in BC 344, Aristotle had to leave Asia Minor. Later, he was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander the Great who was only 13 years old.
離開學園后，亞里士多德先是接受了朋友赫米阿斯的邀請訪問小亞細亞。亞里士多德在那里還娶了赫米阿斯的侄女為妻。她為他生了一個女兒。公元前344年，赫米阿斯被謀殺后不久，亞里士多德不得不離幵小亞細亞。后來，亞里士多德又被馬其頓的國王腓力二世召喚回故鄉(xiāng)，成為當時年僅13歲的亞歷山大大帝的老師。
Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon. During that time he gave lessons not only to Alexander, but also to two other future kings: Ptolemy and Cassander. In his Politics, Aristotle states that only one thing could justify monarchy, and that was if the virtue of the King and his family were greater than the virtue of the rest of the citizens put together. Tactfully, he included the young prince and his father in that category.
亞里士多德被任命為馬其頓皇家學院的校長。期間，他不僅給亞歷山大授課，也為其他兩位未來的國王Ptolemy and Cassander授課。在政治觀點上，亞里士多德認為只有一種情況能讓君主制成為正確的，即國王和其家人的美德合在一起超過了其他所有公民的美德的總和。他很有技巧地將年輕的王子和他的父親包括在這個范疇之內(nèi)。
By 335 BC he had returned to Athens, establishing his own school there known as the Lyceum. Aristotle conducted courses at the school for the next twelve years. It is during this period when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. Aristotle wrote many dialogues, only fragments of which survived. The works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication, as they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students.
公元前335年，亞里士多德回到雅典，并在那里建立了自己的學校，取名為Lyceum。亞里士多德在接下來的12年中在此授課。正是在此期間，亞里士多德撰寫了多部哲學著作。雖然亞里士多德寫下了許多對話錄，但這些對話錄都只有少數(shù)殘缺的片段流傳下來。被保留最多的作品主要都是論文形式，而亞里士多德最初也沒有想過要發(fā)表這些論文。一般認為這些論文是亞里士多德講課時給學生的筆記或課本。
Upon Alexander' s death, Aristotle fled the city to Chalcis, explaining, “I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy”，a reference to Athens' prior trial and execution of Socrates. Aristotle died in BC 322.
亞歷山大死后，亞里士多德逃亡到加而西斯 (Chalcis )。他這樣解釋：“我不想讓雅典人再犯下第二次毀滅哲學的罪孽。”（隱喻之前蘇格拉底在雅典被審判和處死）公元前322年，亞里士多德病逝。
