評論
打印
We'll all be better off if good music is played rather than terrible music.
有好音樂聽，我們的生活更美好
But Peter, Aristotle doesn't agree with you that that's the reason.
但是，彼得，亞里士多德的理由跟你的很不一樣
That's all right.
當然這沒有關系
Aristotle had a different reason for saying the best flutes should go to the best flute players.
關于為什么要把最好的笛子分給最好的笛手，亞里士多德有另外一個理由
He said, that's what flutes are for to be played well.
他說：那是笛子存在的意義，是被完美地吹奏
He says that to reason about just distribution of a thing,
他說，為了探討如何公平地分配一樣東西
we have to reason about, and sometimes argue about, the purpose of the thing, or the social activity
我們必須先探討這一事物或社會活動存在的目的和意義
in this case, musical performance.
在這里，是音樂演奏的目的和意義
And the point, the essential nature,
而音樂演奏的本質目的
of musical performance is to produce excellent music.
是為了創造出美妙的音樂
It'll be a happy byproduct that we'll all benefit.
我們要是碰巧都能從中受益，那是個皆大歡喜的結果
But when we think about justice, Aristotle says,
但是論及公平正義，亞里士多德說
what we really need to think about is the essential nature of the activity in question
我們必須思考的是所涉及問題的根本實質
and the qualities that are worth honoring and admiring and recognizing.
以及哪些品質是真正值得尊重，值得稱贊，值得認可的
One of the reasons that the best flute players should get the best flutes
把最好的笛子分給最好的笛手，理由之一在于
is that musical performance is not only to make the rest of us happy,
音樂演奏的目的不僅在于取悅聽眾，
but to honor and recognize the excellence of the best musicians.
更在于尊重并認可杰出音樂家的高超技藝
Now, flutes may seem ... the distribution of flutes may seem a trivial case.
當然，分配笛子這種事可能看起來微不足道
Let's take a contemporary example of the dispute about justice.
讓我們來看一個當代關于公平公正的爭論
It had to do with golf.
是關于高爾夫球的
Casey Martin -- a few years ago, Casey Martin -- did any of you hear about him?
幾年以前，凱西.馬丁有人聽說過他嗎？
He was a very good golfer, but he had a disability.
他是一名非常出色的高爾夫球手，但他有一項殘疾
He had a bad leg, a circulatory problem,
他有條腿不好，血液循環方面的問題
that made it very painful for him to walk the course.
導致他很難在球場上自如行走
In fact, it carried risk of injury.
不僅如此，他還很容易因此受傷
He asked the PGA, the Professional Golfers' Association,
他請求PGA，也就是職業高爾夫協會
for permission to use a golf cart in the PGA tournaments.
準許他在職業錦標賽上，使用高爾夫球車代步
They said, "No. Now that would give you an unfair advantage."
這個請求被駁回了，理由是：“這樣做有失公平”
He sued, and his case went all the way to the Supreme Court, believe it or not,
馬丁為此上告法院，案子一路上訴到最高法院，信不信由你，為了區區一部高爾夫球車
the case over the golf cart,
信不信由你，為了區區一部高爾夫球車
because the law says that the disabled must be accommodated,
法律規定殘疾人士必須得到適當的照顧優待
provided the accommodation does not change the essential nature of the activity.
但這種優待必須在不改變活動本質的前提下
