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Faculty Governance
教授治校
Faculty governance is the traditional administration model in western universities. It has a long history. Dating from Paris University in the Middle Ages, it has played a very important role in the development of western universities. The prestigious Universities like Oxford and Cambridge have followed this pattern from Paris University. In 1810，Berlin University in Germany was established and the idea of uniting teaching and researching was put forward. Berlin University advocated "freedom of teaching" as well as "freedom of learning" and set up the faculty made up by all the professors. The faculty has the right to manage things like designing the principal, appointing the professors and other services, which empower the professors a wide range of academic power and makes the faculty governance spread far and wide. This has been imitated by many universities in Europe. By the 19th century, most western universities had implemented faculty governance; to the 20th century, many American universities like Yale University adopted this concept of faculty governance and made it characteristic of democratic governance. While introducing the concept of faculty governance, American universities learned from it and absorbed the experience of western universities critically, enriching its content. Although in recent years, the idea of co-running is rising, as one of the most basic management patterns, the idea of faculty governance has been advocated and implemented by many countries across the world.
教授治校是西方大學傳統管理模式之一。自歐洲中世紀巴黎大學開始，教授治校便作為一種傳統的大學管理模式在西方大學的發展中發揮著重要的作用。繼巴黎大學之后成立的享譽世界的牛津大學、劍橋大學都遵循了教授治校的模式。1810年，德國柏林大學成立，提出了教學與科研相結合的辦學思想。柏林大學倡導"教學自由"與"學習自由"的理念，并成立了由全體正教授組成的教授會。教授會擁有遴選校長、聘任教授等各項事務的管理權，使得教授享有廣泛的學術方面的權力，教授治校的管理模式也得到了發揚光大，成為歐洲大學競相模仿的對象。到19世紀，西方大學大都已實施了教授治校的管理模式。20世紀，耶魯等美國大學均采用教授治校作為治校理念, 且形式多樣，使之成為美國大學民主治校的基本特色。美國大學在引人教授治校理念的同時，積極批判地借鑒和吸收歐洲大學教授治校的經驗，根據時代要求對教授治校理念進行不斷創新，豐富其內涵。雖然在近幾年，美國興起了共同治校之風，但是教授治校作為高等教育最基本的管理模式之一，仍為世界上許多國家所推崇和踐行。
Yale's most important management characteristic is "professor runs the school"，which has had enormous influence on the American higher education. From the school's initial period, passed through three generation of principals' endeavors, Yale formed the regulation that the board of directors did not participate in school affairs management which was run by the faculty. It spread such a few words in U.S. then: "Princeton the trustee is in power, Harvard principal manages a household, Yale Professor to take responsibility".
耶魯大學最重要的管理特色是"教授治理學校"，這一特色對美國高等教育產生 了深遠影響。建校初期，經過三代校長的努力，耶魯逐漸形成了董事會不具體參與校 務管理、而由教授會治校的法規。在當時的美國流傳著這樣一句話："普林斯頓董事掌權、哈佛校長當家、耶魯教授做主"。
One example is that when former President George Bush was invited back to his alma mater to accept an honorary doctorate for law, professors and students at Yale publicly expressed their objection: It was on May 21, 2001, the traditional school day, when the president announced to award Bush Honorary Doctor Degree for law, the students responded with laughter, boos and whistles and about 200 professors signed a collective refusal to attend the graduation ceremony. They thought that in accordance with Bush's performance and achievements, he was not entitled to receive this honor.
有一個事例，體現了耶魯這一傳統。在前總統小布什被邀清回母校接受一個榮譽法律博士學位時，耶魯的教授與學生公開表達了自己的反對意見：那是2001年5月21日，傳統的畢業日當天，當校長宣布授予小布什榮譽法律博士學位時，學生們報以笑聲、噓聲和哨聲，更有大約200名教授集體簽字拒絕出席畢業典禮。在他們看來, 按照小布什的表現和成就，他根本沒有資格接受那樣一個榮譽稱號。
