14 A Word Warrior: Maxine Hong Kingston
14 文字勇士:湯婷婷
Kingston was born in Stockton, California 1940, she was the 3rd of eight children to a Chinese immigrant parents, and the first to be born in America. Her American name, Maxine, was after a blonde who was always lucky in gambling. Ting Ting, her Chinese name, comes from a Chinese poem about self-reliance.
湯婷婷于1940年出生于加利福尼亞斯托克頓的一個(gè)中國(guó)移民家庭,家中有8個(gè)孩子,她排行第三,是家里第一個(gè)在美國(guó)出生的孩子。她的英文名瑪克辛取自一個(gè)賭運(yùn)奇佳的金發(fā)女郎,中文名婷婷則來(lái)自一首關(guān)于自強(qiáng)自立的中文詩(shī)。
At the early part of her school education, she kept silent and for her talking was terrible. When she was in the fourth grade and all of a sudden a poem came out of her. By the age of nine, her progress in English enabled her to write poems in her new language, and though she was a gifted story-teller, she preferred the solitary task of writing. An extremely bright student, she won eleven scholarship that allowed her to attend the University of California at Berkeley. She began as an engineering major, but soon she switched to English literature.
剛上學(xué)時(shí),她十分沉默,不敢開(kāi)口說(shuō)話,后來(lái)讀4年級(jí)時(shí),她的腦海里突然涌出一首詩(shī)。9歲時(shí),她的英語(yǔ)取得了很大進(jìn)步,使她可以用英語(yǔ)寫詩(shī)了。她生來(lái)擅長(zhǎng)講故事,但她更喜歡靜靜地寫作。天資聰穎的她獲得了11項(xiàng)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金,并因此得到了去加利福尼亞伯克利分校學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。她開(kāi)始攻讀工程學(xué),不久轉(zhuǎn)讀英國(guó)文學(xué)。
In 1976,while Kingston was teaching creative writing at a private school, she published her first book, The Woman Warrior. It details the experiences of first-generation Chinese Americans. It combines Chinese folk stories, myth, and her family’s experience as immigrants in the United States. Though considered as a memoir, it was, in fact, a novel about Chinese in the world. It won the national Book Critics Circle Award, and became a literary classic.
1976年,湯婷婷在一家私立學(xué)校教寫作,當(dāng)時(shí)出版了她的第一部作品《女戰(zhàn)士》,該書(shū)詳細(xì)描述了第一代美籍華人的經(jīng)歷,巧妙地將中國(guó)民間故事、神話傳說(shuō)以及她的家庭漂洋過(guò)海到美國(guó)的經(jīng)歷揉合在一起。盡管被視為傳記,該書(shū)則是描述全球華人的作品。并贏得了國(guó)家書(shū)籍評(píng)論獎(jiǎng),成為文學(xué)經(jīng)典。
As well as being praised for her literary works, Kingston must also be noted for her vision of the kind of borderless world we could create if we try -now that we are all more or less world citizens, regardless of our origins. But more than that, if you substitute the word “Chinese” with “human” in Kingston’s passage, you have a question to pose the whole world. Kingston’s is a moral vision, one to guide not only writers, but all who challenge tradition, history and old-fashioned notions of identity.
湯婷婷不僅以其文學(xué)作品廣受贊譽(yù),也因?qū)κ澜鐭o(wú)國(guó)界的展望而聞名:我們同為世界公民,不管我們是何種血統(tǒng),只要努力,就可以創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)無(wú)國(guó)界的世界。不僅如此,如果你將湯婷婷作品中的“華人”全部換成“人類”,你就對(duì)整個(gè)世界提出了問(wèn)題。她的作品是一種道德洞察,不僅可以指導(dǎo)作家,還可以指導(dǎo)所有挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)、挑戰(zhàn)歷史和挑戰(zhàn)舊式身份認(rèn)同觀念的人。
For Kingston, writing has been central in her life. “My writing is an ongoing function, like breathing or eating,” she explains. “I have this habit of writing things down. Anything, and then some of it falls into place as in China Men and Woman Warrior.She admired the changes a storyteller can implement when she or he tells the same tale many times, and in her work, she tries to remain this freedom to change a story’s interpretation by guarding ambiguity in the static writing. Doubt is part of every story, not certainty, and this is part of what makes her writing unique.
對(duì)湯婷婷來(lái)說(shuō),寫作就是她的生活中心。她解釋道:“我覺(jué)得寫作對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)就像呼吸或吃飯,是種持續(xù)不斷的技能。我習(xí)慣隨時(shí)隨地寫作,任何東西都可以寫。其中有些隨筆寫進(jìn)了《唐人》和《女戰(zhàn)士》中。”她很羨慕那些講故事的人,在每次復(fù)述故事時(shí)總能自如地使每次講的故事有所不同。在她自己的作品中,也嘗試保持靜態(tài)文字的模糊性,保留自由發(fā)揮的余地,令不同的讀者有不同的闡釋。不確定性成為她作品的組成部分,這也是她的作品獨(dú)一無(wú)二的部分原因。