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Narrator: Giving up cocaine may be harder than he thinks.
旁白：放棄可卡因可能會比他想象的更難。
New research shows cocaine addiction grips snorters just as tightly as crack smokers.
新的研究表明可卡因成癮可以像套住快客吸食者那樣套住鼻吸者。
Narrator: 25% of Americans who have used cocaine in the past year will develop a problem.
旁白：在去年，25%的美國可卡因吸食者最終會陷入麻煩。
Some will end up in prison. Many will seek help for addiction.
一些人入獄。許多人會因成癮而尋求幫助。
At the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, a set of remarkable experiments is being conducted to discover the true nature of cocaine addiction.
在紐約的布魯克海文國家實驗室，正在進行一系列著名的實驗，以便于發現可卡因成癮的實質。
Mexican-born Professor Nora Volkow is one of America's leading specialists on drug addiction.
墨西哥裔的諾拉·沃爾科夫教授是美國的一名毒品成癮研究帶頭人。
She's on a personal mission to understand the cause of addiction, driven by memories of her alcoholic uncle.
她基于個人的使命去了解網癮的原因，被其酒精成癮的叔叔的回憶所驅動。
Nora Volkow: My uncle, who I loved dearly, was an alcoholic.
諾拉·沃爾科夫：我的叔叔，我摯愛的親人，是個酒鬼。
And, and to me it was very painful to see this man who I adored, basically be rejected by the system.
對我來說，看到這個我摯愛的男人是很痛苦的，基本上被體系所排斥。
Narrator: As late as the 1980s many scientists and politicians believed cocaine was non-addictive.
旁白：一直到20世紀80年代，還有許多科學家和政治家認為可卡因沒有成癮性。
Professor Volkow believes they're wrong.
沃爾科夫教授認為他們錯了。
Nora Volkow: Take a group of animals give them free availability on one side heroin, and in another group give them free availability of cocaine.
諾拉·沃爾科夫：向一組動物無限制投放海洛因，向一組無限制投放可卡因。
Investigators did that and then one month later they came and they went and I look at the animals that were given free availability of heroin, which no-one will doubt, is a very addictive drug, and they were happily over there.
研究人員這么做，他們來了一個月之后，他們走了，我觀察動物，發現無限制投放海洛因的那組動物，毫無疑問，海洛因作為一種非常容易上癮的藥物，他們在那里很快樂。
The group of the cocaine animals, they were all dead.
而可卡因動物組，他們都死了。
They had actually compulsively taken cocaine to the extreme that none of them survived.
他們實際上是被迫服食可卡因到了極致，沒有存活的。
Narrator: Professor Volkow uses a PET scanner to take pictures of human brains under the influence of cocaine.
旁白：沃爾科夫教授采用了PET掃描儀，獲取可卡因的影響下的人類大腦的照片。
Nora Volkow: What we're trying to do is use imaging to help us identify the areas of the brain and proteins in the brain that get disrupted by the use of drugs in people that lose control of their drug intake and at the expense of, of basically everything else in their life.
諾拉·沃爾科夫：我們正在努力做的是使用成像技術，以幫助我們鑒別因使用毒品而造成破壞的大腦區域和大腦中的蛋白質，目標人群是毒品吸食量失控的人以及基本上，對生活的方方面面造成損害。
Narrator: Her images show cocaine changes the brain's structure.
旁白：她的圖像顯示，可卡因改變了大腦的結構。
Nora Volkow: Repeated exposure produces changes on the way that the brain gets connected and functions that result in pathological behavior, and that's why it's called a disease.
諾拉·沃爾科夫：反復的毒品暴露改變了大腦的聯接和運作方式，從而導致病態行為，這就是它被稱為一種疾病的原因。
Narrator: Professor Volkow scans hundreds of users and ex-users.
旁白：沃爾科夫教授對數百名吸毒者和前吸毒者的大腦進行了掃描。
While scanning ex-users she notices an irregularity, whenever they discuss cocaine, their dopamine levels rise.
當掃描前吸毒者時，她發現了異常，當他們討論可卡因時，其多巴胺水平就會上升。
At first she doesn't understand why. Then, it hits her.
起初，她不明白這是為什么。然后，她恍然大悟。
