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Private Universities in the United States
美國私立大學
Universities in the United States fall into five major categories: private universities, public universities, church universities, public community colleges, and private vocational colleges. A protrusion phenomenon is that 85% of the most excellent universities belong to the first category, namely private universities. This can be seen from the U.S. news and reports in other countries.
美國的大學可以分為五大類：私立大學、公立大學、教會大學、公立社區大學和 私立職業大學。一個突出的現象是，最優秀的大學中大約有85%都屬于第一類，即私 立大學。這一點從美國新聞和世界報道的排名也可以看出。
These private universities are the all “research-oriented universities“，which do not only offer education of high quality but devote to first-class research. Although public universities are funded by the government, the gap between these public universities and the private universities continue to widen. Private universities are not only successful institutions of higher learning, but the core of industries.
這些私立大學都是常說的“研宄型大學”，它們不但提供優質的教育，而且做一 流的研宄。盡管公立大學擁有政府的資助，私立大學和公立大學之間的差距卻是越來 越大。私立大學不僅僅是成功的高等學府，還是產業的核心。
Why are private universities in the United States more successful than public universities What make the private universities the core of the U.S. education There are many reasons for this, among which a very important one is that private universities receive substantial donations from many philanthropists and alumni. Harvard University is such a private university.
為什么美國的私立大學比公立大學更成功？是什么讓私立大學成為美國教育的核 心？原因有很多，其中一個重要原因是私立大學從很多慈善家和畢業生那里得到了大 量捐助。哈佛大學就是這樣一所私立大學。
Initially, when it was first voted into theoretical existence by the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the new institution was named “New College”，without a single building, teacher, or student. In 1638, a young minister called John Harvard, upon his death, bequeathed to the college his entire library of about 400 book, and half of his estate of about ￡779. The minister was an alumnus of the University of Cambridge and had just settled in Charlestown less than one year before. His donation was like timely rain and assured the continued operation of the college. Then in 1639，the college was renamed in honor of the deceased John Harvard.
最初，當馬薩諸塞灣殖民地總法院投票使其在理論上成立時，這個新機構被稱為 “新學院”，沒有任何建筑、教師、學生。1638年，一位名叫約翰哈佛的年輕牧師在 臨終前把藏書約為400本書的圖書館和價值大約779英鎊的一半遺產都捐贈給了這個 新的學院。該牧師是英國劍橋大學的畢業生，在査爾斯鎮定居下來還不到一年。他的 捐助就像一場及時雨保證了學院的持續運轉。然后1639年學院為紀念過世的約翰哈 佛而重新命名。
It was not until 1780 that Harvard College was upgraded to the university status. The earliest known official reference to Harvard as a ‘university” occurs in the new Massachusetts Constitution of 1780. Nevertheless, strictly speaking, Harvard University could not be called a “university”. At that time, according to the tradition of the European Medieval universities, only an institution with at least three colleges or schools could be called a university. Harvard, however, didn’t have any subcolleges. In the following decades, Harvard speeded up its construction. In 1816, Divinity School was founded, and in 1817 Law School was founded. These two schools, together with Harvard College, made Harvard become a genuine “university”. Harvard University in the true sense was finally born.
直到1780年哈佛學院才升格為大學。已知的最早的官方稱哈佛為“大學”的資料 是1780年的新馬薩諸塞州憲法。盡管如此，嚴 格說來，哈佛大學還不能被稱為“大學”。那時，按照歐洲中世紀大學的傳統，只有當一個機構擁 有3個以上學院時才能叫大學。但哈佛沒有下屬 學院。在接下來的幾十年里，哈佛加快自身建 設，1816年成立了神學院，1817年成立了法學院。這兩個學院，加上哈佛學院，讓哈佛成了名副其 實的大學。真正意義上的哈佛大學終于誕生了。
