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Farmers participating in the two year study were grouped into geographical locations into north and south groups.
這個項目為期兩年，參與其中的農民根據地理位置被分為南方和北方兩組，
After testing the samples, the researchers discovered that
在對樣本進行檢測后，研究人員發現，
green leafy vegetables had the highest level of contamination
大葉綠色蔬菜手污染的程度最高，
and percent prevalence of E-coli from produce from semi-organic and organic farms in the southeast.
而明尼蘇達州東南部，
South and middle portions of Minnesota were significantly greater compared to that in farms of other parts of the state.
南部和中部的有機和半有機作物感染大腸柑橘的比率要明顯高于該州其他地區的有機和半有機作物的感染比率
This trend proved identical for Wisconsin.
威斯康辛的結果也幾乎相同
All of the conventional farmers were from Minnesota.
所有傳統種植的樣本都來自于明尼蘇達
The data showed that
這組數據表明，
risk of E-coli contamination from organic and semi-organic farms was significantly higher than that of conventional farms
有機和半有機農場中大腸桿菌的感染率顯著高于傳統農場中的感染率，
and highest among farmers that composted animal manure fewer than six months before application.
并且這一比率在那些堆肥的制作過程短于六個月的農場中是最高的
This chart shows the three year monitoring of organic,
這個表格顯示的是，在明尼蘇達州使用糞肥的有機，
semi-organic, and conventional farms in Minnesota using animal manure as fertilizer.
半有機和傳統農場中對大腸桿菌的監測結果
Green leafy vegetables consisting of cabbage and lettuce
綠色大葉蔬菜，包括白菜和生菜
had a much higher concentration of initial E-coli contamination
在清洗和出售之前
before washing or preparing for sell than other types of fruits or vegetables.
感染大腸桿菌的幾率高于其他所有水果和蔬菜
Note that conventional farms had the lowest recordable levels of E-coli contamination.
我們要注意，傳統農場中的大腸桿菌污染率是最低的
This is because less than half of the conventional farms used animal manure as fertilizers,
這是因為，只有不到一半的傳統農場將動物糞便作為肥料，
and when they did, always composted manure for at least six months before applying it to the fields.
如果采用糞肥也一定要經過至少六個月的發酵才能使用，
The higher results by organic and semi-organic farmers
有機和半有機農場中的感染率高是由幾個因素造成的，
resulted from a variety of factors including age of manure before application and the type of manure used.
這些因素包括使用前糞肥的發酵時間以及使用何種糞肥
It was found that when cattle manure was used,
我們發現，當利用牛糞的時候
the incidence of E-coli increased 7 fold.
大腸桿菌的感染率增加了7成
Since organic farmers are prohibited from using synthetic fertilizers
由于有機農場禁止使用合成化學肥料，
and are thereby using manure almost exclusively,
因此必須使用糞肥
more research needs to be done to determine the safest way of composting and applying manure to crops for harvest.
關于如何更安全地發酵和施用糞肥還需要做很多相關方面的研究
Again, E-coli kept within an animal or human's intestinal tract is harmless.
雖然人體或者動物體內的大腸桿菌是無害的，
However, safe food production and safe food handling
但是必須保證食品生產和處理的過程是安全的
must be executed to keep this bacteria from reaching our food system.
以防止細菌進入食品系統
The use of antibiotics in meat production has received a lot of popular media attention.
在肉類加工中添加抗生素的問題已經引起了媒體的廣泛關注，
Organic farmers are prohibited from using antibiotics
有機農場禁止使用抗生素，
while large feed lot operations known as CAFO's use them as a regular part of an animal's feeding regimen.
而大規模的圍欄肥育卻將抗生素作為牲畜飼料的一個重要組成部分，
The national committee for clinical laboratory standards
全國臨床實驗室標準委員會
defines four use categories for antibiotics in livestock.
界定了四種在動物體內用抗生素的情況
The therapeutic use for animals that exhibit clinical disease,
用抗生素治療身患疾病的動物
control use on herds where the morbidity mortality rate has exceeded an acceptable baseline,
用于發病率和死亡率高于可接受的基線的動物種群，
prevention prophylaxis use on exposed healthy animals to minimize the onset of disease,
來對疾病進行控制用于動物的流行病預防以減少疾病的發病
and growth promotion where antibiotics are used as additives to improve physiological performance of animals.
最后是將抗生素用作一種飼料添加來促進動物的生長
While the FDA doesn't regulate sub-therapeutic use in animal production,
農業部并沒有對抗生素在家畜身上的非醫學用途進行監管，
such as use of antibiotics for growth, the FDA does monitor what the antibiotics are used for.
比如用抗生素促進生長，但它確實在監督抗生素的用途
