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Segment 5a: Introduction.
第五部分A:介紹
In this lecture we examine the United States's
這堂課上，我們要講講
political and social life in the years leading up
導致美國1861年至1865年內戰的
to the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865.
政治與社會生活因素
Seen from the outside America was not
從外部來看
just growing in size, in population,
不只是美國國土面積在增長
it was managing its growth responsibly.
它也在盡責管理其人口增長
On the other hand there were cracks
另一方面
in the American political system and social fabric
美國政治體系和社會結構出現破裂
which nearly tore the nation apart.
這差點使國家分崩離析
In segment 5b our Manifest Destiny.
在第五部分B：我們的天定命運中
The American nation's success leads its people
美國國家成功致使人民
to a growing sense of mission.
的使命感漸增
North America was meant to be civilized
北美必須從東海岸到西海岸
from sea to shining sea. And the United States
都被文明化，而美國
was the country to do it. As Americans saw it
將是實現這使命的國家，正如美國人看到的
the civilizing mission extended not just
開化任務不僅向西進
westward but southward into Mexico and
還南下至墨西哥
northward into the so-called Oregon country.
還北上至所謂的俄勒岡國
President James K. Polk, Napoleon of the stump,
總統詹姆斯·K.波爾克，樹樁中的拿破侖
first got the economy going by adjusting
首先通過調整國家關稅
the nation's tariffs and by bringing about
和創立獨立國庫
an independent treasury.
使得經濟運轉
In foreign policy Polk resolved the Oregon question
在對外政策上，波克爾解決了俄勒岡問題
by negotiating with Great Britain.
通過與大不列顛協商
On the other hand he addressed relations with
另一方面，他發起一場戰爭
Mexico by starting a war. Among other critics
解決與墨西哥的關系
of Polk's war the young Illinois Congressman
對波克爾戰爭批評的人中，伊利諾伊州年輕議員
Abraham Lincoln had harsh words for
亞伯拉罕林肯言辭犀利地
the president's actions. Yet nobody can deny
抨擊總統這一舉措，然而無人可否認
that the Mexican War, whatever its true cause is,
不管真正原因為何，墨西哥戰爭
was the key to America's westward development.
都是美國西進的鑰匙
Segment 5c: Life in the good old days examines
第5部分C
American life on the eve of the Civil War,
看看內戰前夕的美國生活好時日
in the north, in the south and in the rapidly
北方，南方，和
growing Midwest. By roughly 1850
快速發展的西北部，大約至1850年
the industrialized north and agricultural south
工業化的北方和重農的南方
were on two different economic paths.
走在兩條不同的經濟發展道路上
The north's factories made the northern
北方的工廠讓
upper class wealthy. And the workers sometimes
北方上層階級富裕，而工人有時
shared in the prosperity too.
也得以分享此繁榮
The north also managed to build close ties
北方也試圖構建
physically and financially with the rural
與快速發展的中西部農村經濟
economy of the fast growing Midwest.
構筑起心理與金融紐帶
Meanwhile the worldwide demand for
同時，全球對南方棉花的需求增長
southern cotton grew making southern planters
使得南方種植園主富裕
wealthy but king cotton, as the industry was called,
但被北方工業稱為棉花王的他們
was also severely limited. King cotton depended on
也嚴重受限，棉花王大量依賴奴隸勞動力
plentiful slave labor. And its tendency to wear out
而且其產業會耗盡土地資源
the soil meant it always required more new farmland.
這意味著它總是需要更多新農田
The stage was thus set for free-soilers and
這因此造成自由土壤黨與
slave owners to fight over western territory.
奴隸主爭奪西部領土
Socially the American people were becoming more advanced
社會意義上，美國人更加進步
with more care paid to poorer people and
更關心窮苦人民
to public services. But not unfortunately
與公共服務，但幸運的是
so advanced that slavery was abolished or
如此先進的他們廢除了奴隸
that women were given a right to choose
也給了婦女權力
their own paths in life or even allowed to vote.
選擇自己的人生道路，甚至不給她們選舉權
In segment 5d: of human bondage,
第5部分d ：人性枷鎖
the United States at last confronts the evil which
美國最后與邪惡對峙
nearly defeated it; human slavery.
差點擊倒它，人類奴役
Half hearted attempts were made to postpone this
人們不無決心地試圖推遲
impending catastrophe; the Compromise of 1850
這災難的到來 1850年妥協方案
and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1853.
和1853年的堪薩斯-內布拉斯加法案
But the slave state supporters fought violently for
但支持奴隸制的州
what they saw as economic and social survival.
為他們的經濟與社會生存展開激烈斗爭
Meanwhile the abolitionists who were in fact
同時，廢奴主義者實際
on the side of justice alienated even northerners
處于正義的一邊疏離
with their self-rigteous zeal and their equal
有正當熱忱
taste for violence. At one point the Kansas Territory,
和其對暴力有同樣愛好的北方人，堪薩斯州
also known as Bloody Kansas, had two separate capitals;
也被稱為血腥的堪薩斯一度有兩個首府
one slave and one free-soil, each with
一個是奴隸派的一個是自由派的
its own legislature and its own government.
各自都有自己的立法和政府
