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When you talk about what is called the "peace pipe" at a treaty negotiation, that is more meaningful than to sign a document, so it's a way of sealing a deal not just legally but by giving a vow, and confirming that to the larger universe-so it's not just between humans, it's between humans and the greater powers that are there."
談判時，“和平煙斗” 儀式比簽署文件更有效。這種方式不僅意味著合法協定，還相當于向冥冥中的神靈起了誓。這就不僅簽下了人與人，也簽下了人與神之間的協議。
Even today in Native America smoking tobacco can still be a spiritual act-the smoke rises and mingles, bearing unified prayers skyward and, as it does so, it combines the hopes and wishes of the whole community.
直至今天，抽煙對印第安人來說也仍是神圣的。煙霧緩緩升起，逐漸消散, 帶著眾多的祈愿升向天空，將整個族群的希望連接在了一起。
For Europeans, though, who discovered smoking very late, in the sixteenth century, smoking tobacco quickly became less about religion than about relaxation: it was first of all about enjoyment, and then about money.
歐洲人晚至十六世紀才開始抽煙。對他們來說，抽煙沒有什么宗教意義，更多的只是休閑方式。但很快，煙草便和金錢結合起來。
When the British colonised Virginia, the growing tobacco market in Europe rapidly became of prime economic importance-Bremen and Bristol, Glasgow and Dieppe all grew rich on American tobacco. As Europeans explored deeper into the continent in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, tobacco became an article of trade and currency in its own right. The European acquisition of tobacco, and European pipe-smoking, symbolise for many Native Americans the expropriation of their homeland.
英國在弗吉尼亞殖民之后，歐洲的煙草市場飛速發展，煙草很快成為經濟支柱。不來梅與布里斯托爾，格拉斯哥與迪耶普的經濟都因美洲的煙草而發達。18世紀至19世紀，隨著歐洲人逐漸深入美洲大陸，煙草成了一種貨物貨幣。在土著眼里，歐洲人收集煙草和使用煙斗的行為都是在侵略他們的家園。
From then on, in Europe and indeed in most of the world, smoking became an activity associated with pure pleasure, daily habit and considerable cool. For most of the twentieth century, film stars puffed away on screen, while their cinema audiences admired them through answering clouds of smoke.
自此，在歐洲和世界上大多數地方，抽煙成了一種單純的享樂方式、日常習慣或是扮酷手段。大半個二十世紀，電影明星都在屏幕上抽煙，觀眾們則在影院里吞云吐霧。
