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petroleum
n.石油
Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.
石油是由于被困于沉淀物中的有機生物經緩慢地埋藏，且在高溫高壓的催變下轉化而成的.
observations-observation
n.觀察
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.
除了對以往觀察做出解釋，實用性理論會幫助我們預測尚未觀察到的事情。
oak
n.橡樹
An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.
橡樹是競爭者的絕佳案例。
normally
adv.正規地，正常地
Normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay.
通常而言，動植物尸骸會通過掠奪和腐爛而完全損毀。
focus
n.焦點；中心，v.使聚焦；聚焦在
These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
這些作家被稱之為自然主義者，他們通常會關注經濟困難，研究人民貧苦，關注城市和工業生活的多方面。
flight
n.飛行；飛躍
Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.
無需贅言，每次“飛行嘗試”都會遠離鳥巢。
feathers-feather
n.羽毛
By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats.
到19世紀70年代中期，玻璃纖維會優質于蠶絲，并編制成紡布，或模仿鴕鳥羽毛裝飾帽子。
evolved-evolve
v.逐漸形成；進化
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air.
雖與爬行類動物飛龍目為同一祖先，但鳥類進化極為分散，在“統治”天空上也極為出色。
estimated-estimate
v.估計
In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture,
在北美，制作碳酸鉀可用于農業清潔，
for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash.
而比銷售碳酸鉀，農業清潔恢復的費用，制作碳酸鉀是前者的一半。
crust
n.地殼；外殼
crustal
adj.地殼的
Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface.
通常情況下，若地殼被巖漿“侵蝕”，冷卻速度將減慢，巖漿仍會存留在表面以下。
conflict
n.沖突，矛盾v.矛盾，沖突
Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
對于表現力強的領導人，他們很少會提及團隊的大體目標，而是為團隊成員加油鼓勁，減少成員間的沖突和緊張。
