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While speech and writing are often viewed as discrete modes, it is important for us to note that there is a continuum between speech and writing.
“說”和“寫”通常被看作兩個各自獨立的模式，但是，要注意，“說”和“寫”之間也存在著連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體。
While speech is in general more interactive than writing, various kinds of spoken and written English display various degrees of interactivity.
“說”一般比“寫”更具交互性，而不同種類的書面英語和英語口語也表現(xiàn)出了不同程度的交互性。
For instance, various linguistic markers of interactive discourse, such as first and second person pronouns, contractions, and private verbs such as think and feel, occurred very frequently in telephone and face-to-face conversations but less frequently in spontaneous speeches, interviews, and broadcasts.
比如，許多交際話語的語言學(xué)標(biāo)記，如第一、二人稱代詞，縮寫詞，以及“認(rèn)為”、“感覺”之類的私動詞，都經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在電話交談和面對面交談中，在即興演講、采訪和廣播中出現(xiàn)頻率較低。
In addition, some kinds of writing, such as academic prose and official documents, exhibited few markers of interactive discourse, but the other kinds of written texts, particularly personal letters, ranked higher on the scale of interactivity than many of the spoken texts.
另外，許多種書面形式，比如學(xué)術(shù)文章和官方文件，都極少出現(xiàn)交際話語的標(biāo)記，但是其他種類的書面文本，尤其是私人信件，比許多口語語篇的交互性都要強。
In other words, how language is structured depends less on whether it is spoken or written but more on how it is being used.
換句話說，語言的組織形式，與采用“說”還是“寫”的模式關(guān)系較小，與實際用途關(guān)系比較大。
For example, a personal letter, even though it is written, will contain linguistic features marking interactivity because the writer of a letter wishes to interact with the receiver of the letter.
比如，私人信件雖然是書面的，也具有許多帶有交互性的語言學(xué)特征。因為寫信者希望和收信人產(chǎn)生互動。
On the other hand, in an interview, the goal is not to interact necessarily but to get information from the person being interviewed.
而采訪，目的不是交流，而是獲取被采訪人的信息。
Therefore, though interviews are spoken, they have fewer markers of interactivity and contain more features typically associated with written texts.
因此，雖然采訪采用了“說”的模式，卻沒有那么多交互性標(biāo)記，而是包含了許多書面文本的常見特征。
OK, to sum up, we have been dealing with the modes of language in today's lecture.
好了，總結(jié)一下，我們今天講了語言的模式。
The two most frequently used modes are speech and writing.
兩種最常用的模式就是口語和書面語。
As two different modes of language, speech and writing have their own characteristics.
這兩種語言模式各有特點。
Speech is a preferred mode in many social contacts where interactivity is needed.
要求交互性的社會交往中，往往采用口語的形式。
Of course, when a formal stable record is preferred, writing should be an appropriate mode.
當(dāng)然，如果需要形成正式且持久的記錄，書面形式則比較合適。
Finally, I have also emphasized that there is a continuum between speech and writing.
最后，我還要強調(diào)，口語和書面語中間存在著連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體。
In the following lecture, we will concentrate on the linguistic structures of language.
下次上課，我們要講到語言的語言學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)。
Thank you!
謝謝大家！
