評論
打印
First, it elevates tactics over substance.
首先，它將技巧置于內容之上。
You can take a class in logic argumentation.
你可以去上一節邏輯辯論課。
You learn all about the strategies that people use to try and win arguments and that makes arguing adversarial; it's polarizing.
你可以學到幾乎所有人們常用的辯論技巧去贏得辯論，這些技巧將辯論兩極化，對抗化。
And the only foreseeable outcomes are triumph, glorious triumph, or disgraceful defeat.
可預見的結果只有光榮的勝利或者可恥的敗北。
I think those are very destructive effects, and worst of all, it seems to prevent things like negotiation and collaboration.
我覺得那些技巧是具有殺傷力的，它將協商合作這些事排除在外。
Um, I think the argument-as-war metaphor inhibits those other kinds of resolutions to argumentation.
我覺得，將辯論看作戰爭這個隱喻排除了其他各種解決爭論的方案。
And finally, this is really the worst thing, arguments don't seem to get us anywhere; they're dead ends.
最后，最糟糕的是，這樣的辯論并沒有得出任何結論，變成了死胡同。
We don't get anywhere.
無法得出任何結論。
Oh, and one more thing. That is, if argument is war, then there's also an implicit aspect of meaning, learning with losing.
哦！還有，如果辯論是戰爭的話，那么還有一點含義，就是吸取失敗的教訓。
And let me explain what I mean. Suppose you and I have an argument.
我解釋一下。假設你和我在辯論。
You believe a proposition and I don't. And I say, "Well, why do you believe that?"
你相信一個命題而我不信。我就說：“你為什么相信這個？”
And you give me your reasons. And I object and say, "Well, what about...?"
你給出了你的理由，我反對說，“那么……”
And you answer my objection.
你回答了我的反對意見。
And I have a question: "Well, what do you mean?
我問：“那你是什么意思？
How does it apply over here?" And you answer my question.
那么在這個地方如何解釋？”你回答了我的問題。
Now, suppose at the end of the day,
假設，這一天要結束了，
I've objected, I've questioned, I've raised all sorts of questions from an opposite perspective and in every case you've responded to my satisfaction.
我提出了反對意見，提出了質疑，也從反面問了各種問題，你的回答都令我滿意。
And so at the end of the day, I say, "You know what? I guess you're right."
一天結束了，我說，“你知道嗎？我覺得你是對的?！?/div>
Maybe finally I lost my argument.
最后我輸了辯論。
But isn't it also a process of learning?
可是這不是學習的過程嗎？
So you see arguments may also have positive effects.
所以，你看，辯論也有積極作用的。
So, how can we find new ways to achieve those positive effects?
那么，我們要怎么找到實現這些積極作用的新方式呢？
We need to think of new kinds of arguments.
我們要想出新的辯論。
Here I have some suggestions.
這里我有幾個問題。
If we want to think of new kinds of arguments, what we need to do is think of new kinds of arguers, people who argue.
如果要想出新的辯論，我們需要想出新的辯論者，也就是參與辯論的人。
So try this:
試試這個方法：
Think of all the roles that people play in arguments.
想出辯論中人的所有角色。
There's the proponent and the opponent in an adversarial, dialectical argument.
對抗辯論，辨證辯論中有支持者和反對者。
There's the audience in rhetorical arguments.
修辭辯論中要有觀眾。
There's the reasoner in arguments as proofs.
把辯論當作依據，需要有人做推理。
All these different roles.
這些都是辯論中的不同角色。
Now, can you imagine an argument in which you are the arguer, but you're also in the audience, watching yourself argue?
現在想象一下，在一場論爭中，你是辯論者，同時也是觀眾，看著你自己辯論。
Can you imagine yourself watching yourself argue?
你能想象自己看著自己辯論嗎？
That means you need to be supported by yourself.
也就是說你要自己支持自己。
Even when you lose the argument, still, at the end of the argument,you could say, "Wow, that was a good argument!"
這樣即使最后輸掉爭論，你也可以說“好精彩的辯論?。 ?/div>
Can you do that? I think you can.
你可以做到嗎？我覺得你可以的。
In this way, you've been supported by yourself. Up till now, I have lost a lot of arguments.
這樣，你自己支持自己。迄今為止，我已經輸了很多場爭論。
It really takes practice to become a good arguer, in the sense of being able to benefit from losing,
成為出色的辯論者真的需要練習，因為可以從失敗中吸取教訓。
but fortunately, I've had many, many colleagues who have been willing to step up and provide that practice for me.
不過，很幸運，我有很多同事，他們都愿意陪我練習。
OK. To sum up, in today's lecture, I have introduced three models of arguments.
總結一下，今天我介紹了三種辯論的模型。
The first model is called the dialectical model.
第一種叫作辯證模型。
The second one is the model of arguments as proofs.
第二種模型將辯論作為依據。
And the last one is called the rhetorical model, the model of arguments as performances.
最后一種叫作修辭模型，將辯論看作表演。
I have also emphasized that, though the adversarial type of arguments is quite common, we can still make arguments produce some positive effects.
要強調的是，雖然對抗式辯論非常常見，我們還是可以讓辯論產生積極作用。
Next time I will continue our discussion on the process of arguing.
下次我會繼續討論辯論過程。
| 重點單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| negotiation | [ni.gəuʃi'eiʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 談判，協商 |
聯想記憶 | |
| implicit | [im'plisit] |
想一想再看 adj. 含蓄的，暗示的，固有的，無疑問的，無保留的，絕 |
聯想記憶 | |
| benefit | ['benifit] |
想一想再看 n. 利益，津貼，保險金，義賣，義演 |
聯想記憶 | |
| satisfaction | [.sætis'fækʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 賠償，滿意，妥善處理，樂事，確信 |
聯想記憶 | |
| proposition | [.prɔpə'ziʃən] |
想一想再看 n. 建議，命題，主張 |
||
| substance | ['sʌbstəns] |
想一想再看 n. 物質，實質，內容，重要性，財產 |
聯想記憶 | |
| destructive | [di'strʌktiv] |
想一想再看 adj. 破壞性的，有害的 |
聯想記憶 | |
| triumph | ['traiəmf] |
想一想再看 n. 凱旋，歡欣 |
||
| willing | ['wiliŋ] |
想一想再看 adj. 愿意的，心甘情愿的 |
||
| produce | [prə'dju:s] |
想一想再看 n. 產品，農作物 |
聯想記憶 |
